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Beyond the Blood Sugar Test: The Significance of HbA1c in Diabetes Management

Meaning test hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c):

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), also known as glycated hemoglobin, is a crucial test for people with diabetes. It measures your average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months, unlike regular blood sugar tests that only capture a snapshot in time. Understanding the meaning and importance of HbA1c is vital for managing your diabetes effectively.

Meaning of HbA1c:

Hemoglobin: The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout your body.
A1c: A specific form of hemoglobin that becomes "glycated" when glucose (blood sugar) attaches to it. The higher your blood sugar levels, the more HbA1c becomes glycated.

Why HbA1c matters for diabetics:

Shows long-term blood sugar control: HbA1c reflects the average blood sugar level over a longer period, providing a better picture of how well your diabetes management plan is working.
Helps prevent complications: High HbA1c levels increase the risk of diabetes complications like heart disease, stroke, kidney damage, nerve damage, and vision problems.
Guides treatment decisions: Your HbA1c results help your doctor determine the most effective treatment plan for you, including medication adjustments and lifestyle changes.

Reading your HbA1c results:

Normal: HbA1c below 5.7% indicates good control of blood sugar levels.
Prediabetes: HbA1c between 5.7% and 6.4% indicates a risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes: HbA1c 6.5% and above indicates the presence of diabetes.

Working on your HbA1c:

Blood sugar monitoring: Regularly checking your blood sugar levels helps you understand how different factors affect them.
Healthy diet: Focus on nutrient-rich foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while limiting sugary and processed foods.
Physical activity: Regular exercise helps improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood sugar levels.
Medications: Taking your diabetes medications as prescribed by your doctor is crucial for managing your blood sugar.

Remember, HbA1c is just one piece of the puzzle in managing your diabetes. It's important to work with your healthcare team to develop a comprehensive treatment plan that includes lifestyle modifications, medication, and regular monitoring to keep your blood sugar levels under control and prevent complications.

What is Fructosamine?

Fructosamine is a protein that forms when glucose, a type of sugar in the blood, binds to proteins in the blood. This process, known as glycation, occurs slowly over time and is influenced by average blood glucose levels.

Why is Fructosamine Measured?

The fructosamine test is used to assess long-term blood sugar control, particularly in individuals with diabetes. It provides a measure of average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 weeks.

How is Fructosamine Different from HbA1c?

While both fructosamine and HbA1c (hemoglobin A1c) are used to monitor long-term blood sugar control, they differ in the time frame they reflect:

HbA1c: Reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months.
Fructosamine: Reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 weeks.

When is a Fructosamine Test Used?

A fructosamine test may be used in the following situations:

Monitoring diabetes: To assess the effectiveness of diabetes treatment and identify trends in blood sugar control.
Pregnancy: To monitor blood sugar levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes.
Individuals with certain medical conditions: In cases where HbA1c measurements may be unreliable, such as in individuals with certain hemoglobin variants or hemolytic anemia.

Interpreting Fructosamine Results:

A higher fructosamine level indicates poorer blood sugar control. Regular monitoring of fructosamine levels can help healthcare providers adjust treatment plans to achieve better blood sugar control.

Factors Affecting Fructosamine Levels:

Several factors can influence fructosamine levels, including:

Blood glucose control: Poor blood sugar control leads to higher fructosamine levels.
Kidney function: Kidney disease can affect the clearance of fructosamine from the blood.
Liver function: Liver disease can also influence fructosamine levels.

Conclusion:

The fructosamine test is a valuable tool for assessing long-term blood sugar control. By understanding the factors that influence fructosamine levels and working with healthcare providers to maintain optimal blood sugar control, individuals with diabetes can improve their overall health and well-being.

Diagnosing Diabetes in the Laboratory: A Multi-Step Approach

Several laboratory tests can help diagnose diabetes, each offering different insights into your blood sugar levels. Here's a breakdown of the methods you mentioned:

1. Estimating Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS):

This test measures your blood sugar level after an overnight fast of at least 8 hours.
A normal FBS level is less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L).
An FBS level of 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or higher on two separate occasions indicates diabetes.
A level between 100-125 mg/dL (5.6-6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes, a risk factor for developing diabetes.

2. Detecting Sugar in Urine:

- Benedict's Test:

This classic test involves boiling urine with a copper-based solution. In the presence of glucose, the solution changes color, indicating a positive result. While sensitive, it's less specific and can react to other sugars and substances in the urine.

- Clinitest Tablets:

Similar to Benedict's test, these tablets change color when dipped in urine with glucose. They offer increased convenience but still lack specificity.

- Urine Glucose Test Strips:

These dipsticks are the most common method for detecting glucose in urine. They react specifically with glucose and change color, providing a quick and easy way to check for its presence.

However, it's important to note that:

Urine glucose tests are not definitive for diabetes. Many factors, such as pregnancy, infections, and certain medications, can cause glucose to appear in the urine.
A negative urine test doesn't rule out diabetes. If your blood sugar levels are very high, your kidneys may still be able to reabsorb all the glucose, leaving none in the urine.

3. Estimating Blood Sugar Levels After Glucose Intake (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test, OGTT):

This test measures your blood sugar levels before and after consuming a sugary drink.
Blood samples are typically taken fasting, one hour, and two hours after drinking the solution.
Specific blood sugar thresholds at each time point help diagnose diabetes or prediabetes.
Urine samples may also be collected during the OGTT to provide additional information.

Remember:

FBS is the preferred initial test for diabetes diagnosis due to its simplicity and accuracy.
Urine glucose tests can be a helpful screening tool but should not be used for definitive diagnosis.
The OGTT is often used when FBS results are inconclusive or in specific situations where risk factors suggest further evaluation.

Consult your doctor:

If you have any concerns about your blood sugar levels or are experiencing symptoms of diabetes, consult your doctor for proper diagnosis and management. They will likely discuss your medical history, symptoms, and recommend the most appropriate tests based on your individual case.

Curve analysis carrying sugar (Glucose Tolerance Test) .. Give an idea of the risk of diabetes or not

Glucose Tolerance Test:

Description:
The glucose tolerance test measures the body's ability to use glucose. Glucose is a type of sugar found in the blood.
Glucose, also known as blood glucose, is regulated by a hormone called insulin. When insulin is functioning properly, the blood sugar level remains constant. If insulin does not work properly or the body does not produce enough, you may have diabetes.
The analysis is usually used to diagnose medical conditions caused by the body's inability to properly use glucose.
The test can be done in a doctor's office, a clinic or a hospital.

When will the review be undertaken?
The test is commonly used during pregnancy to determine if a woman has gestational diabetes (a temporary form of diabetes caused by pregnancy). It can also be used regularly for screening for the risk of diabetes.

Objectives?
This test is commonly used to diagnose certain medical conditions characterized by inadequate glucose utilization such as prediabetes (when blood sugar is higher than normal, but not enough for diabetes), diabetes and gestational diabetes (diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.
It also helps determine if you have another condition that would affect your blood glucose level (eg Cushing's syndrome, celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, acromegaly, pheochromocytoma, hemochromatosis , Addison's disease, hypothyroidism or cirrhosis).

Risks and precautionary measures:
Although the glucose tolerance test is considered safe, it carries some risk of side effects or complications. Although rare, side effects or complications may include the following:
- an infection, if the area is not adequately sterilized prior to sample collection;
- excessive bleeding from the punctured area;
- bruising or swelling at the point of insertion of the needle;
- a feeling of light-headedness
Throughout the test you will be monitored which will target the rate of your glucose in the blood that should not go down too much. If this is the case, you may notice weakness, sweating, anxiety, hunger or other symptoms. Do not forget to inform the person taking the test if you have any of these symptoms.
People with bleeding disorders or anyone taking medications that decrease the ability of the blood to clot (eg, warfarin, ASA or other blood thinners) should be advised to inform the technician before blood samples are taken. These disorders and these medications may require special monitoring during the blood test.
If a symptom worries you as a result of this test, consult your doctor. Take the time to learn about all the risks of complications and side effects as well as the precautions that you or your doctor should take to avoid them. Make sure your doctor understands your concerns.

What's going to happen ?

This test is usually done in a laboratory or in your doctor's office. If you undergo this test to detect diabetes or prediabetes, a blood sample will be taken as soon as you arrive at the laboratory to determine your fasting blood sugar level. Then you will be asked to drink a sugary drink containing glucose. More blood samples will be taken 1 hour and 2 hours later. Samples may be taken at other times, and your doctor may request additional specimens as needed. This exam can last up to 3 hours.

In most cases, you will be asked to swallow a sweet drink upon arrival if you come for a gestational diabetes test. A blood sample will be taken approximately 1 hour later. If the result of this test is abnormal, you may be asked to have another test.

Blood is collected in small tubes labeled with information about you.

The technician should wear new latex gloves and use a new disposable needle for each sample.

The technician or nurse wraps a wide elastic band around the top of your arm to better locate the vein. This is done, usually in the crook of the elbow, this area is disinfected with a swab soaked in alcohol. The technician inserts a needle into your vein and collects the blood in a tube. He removes the elastic band and, once the blood is drawn, he removes and throws the needle. You will need to hold a small piece of cotton at the place of collection until the bleeding stops. A small bandage will keep the cotton in place.

This analysis is virtually painless in most people, even if the slight pinching felt at the time of insertion of the needle is normal.

Conditions of the exam:

Before you take this test, discuss with your doctor the advantages, disadvantages, long-term risks and consequences associated with it. Make sure you understand what is going to happen and that you are satisfied with the doctor's answers to your questions.

If you undergo this test for diabetes or prediabetes, you should eat and drink normally during the 3 days before it, but do not eat or drink anything for at least 8 hours before it is done. Follow the instructions that your doctor or health care professional has provided.

Tell your doctor everything you are taking, whether prescription or over-the-counter medications and herbal remedies. Inform them of all your drug allergies and any health problems you may have.

Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you need to stop taking any of your medications before the test.

What will I feel after?

Some people experience a slight bruise or a slight soreness at the point where the needle entered the vein. Keep pressure on this area after removing the needle to prevent bruising.

Results:

Blood glucose values after challenge are below normal, normal or above normal. Many conditions can cause blood sugar levels higher than normal.

For example, if you are pregnant and your results are above normal, you may have gestational diabetes. If you are not pregnant and your results are above normal, you may be suffering from diabetes.

Your doctor will interpret the results of this test taking into account other symptoms that may be present. If your results are abnormal, your doctor may recommend other tests.

Sugar test fasting period.. Measuring blood sugar in the highest degree immediately after eating and lower grades after a natural fasting during the night

Be measured blood sugar in the highest degree immediately after eating (in the normal case) and lower grades after a natural fasting during the night.

Therefore always preferred measure sugar after a period of fasting at least 8 hours. Sample is taken from the blood through a vein, and examine in the lab. If Measurement Log (126) or higher may be a sign of infection with sugar.

Postprandial glycemia (GP) is the level of blood glucose after meals. That is, it is the detection of blood sugar levels after eating food.
Before getting to know the usual values, it is important to know how the regulation of glucose levels works in our body.
The regulation of glucose levels in our body is carried out mainly thanks to the balance maintained by two hormones produced by the pancreas: insulin and glucagon. After eating, glucose rises moderately during the first two hours, insulin production increases and glucagon decreases. With the reduction of the circulating glucose concentration, the secreted insulin degrades, thus ending the response about two or three hours after the food intake.

POSTPRANDIAL GLUCEMIA: THE MOST IMPORTANT LEVELS YOU SHOULD KNOW:
The blood glucose value should not exceed 160 mg / dl after 60-90 minutes have elapsed since any food is ingested, regardless of the amount of food ingested. The blood glucose levels should also return to normal values after three hours after ingestion.
The World Health Organization considers postprandial hyperglycemia (excessive amount of blood glucose) a plasma glucose level above 140 mg / dl, two hours after eating food. For the diagnosis of diabetes, these values are considered:
- A fasting blood glucose (that is, without calorie intake for at least 8 hours) equal to or greater than 126 mg / dl.
- A postprandial blood glucose equal to or greater than 200 mg / dl after two hours of a 75 g load of anhydrous glucose dissolved in water or equivalent, in an oral tolerance test.
- A random blood glucose equal to or greater than 200 mg / dl in a patient with symptoms: polyuria (excessive amount of urine), polydipsia (abnormal increase in thirst with increased fluid intake) and unexplained weight loss.

THE IMPORTANCE OF MEASURING POSTPRANDIAL GLUCEMIA:
Postprandial glycemia is even more important than fasting, since keeping track of your measurement is useful to know if there is postprandial hyperglycemia.
On the one hand, recent studies assure that it is important to know both measurements since, patients with normal fasting rates, but with high levels of postprandial glycemia are also at risk of suffering from cardiovascular diseases.
On the other hand, keeping a more thorough control of the glucose level after meals will help the patient to know if the insulin dose is being correct or not, as well as if the diet he is following is beneficial to achieve the marked glucose target. in blood With data in hand, the quality of life of the diabetes patient, as well as their autonomy to administer insulin based on what they are going to eat will greatly improve.
However, the most common is the non-measurement of postprandial glucose, something that, little by little, among specialists and patients is being reversed. And, the control of this variable will help the patient to be more aware of the problem he has and how to remedy it.

Sugar periodically test.. Withdraw a small amount of blood by a needle is inserted into the arm vein in the lab

Something must be done sugar test to check periodically with each periodic inspection done.

Are testing in the lab by dragging a small amount of blood by a needle is inserted into the arm vein in the lab.

Could the blood level rises if you took some food before the test, but should not be higher than 200 mg / dl.

Blood glucose analysis: the blood sugar level:
The determination of blood sugar, that is to say the level of blood sugar, is a blood test that the doctor prescribes in a routine way. But it is mainly used to diagnose a possible diabetes.

What is blood glucose?
Blood glucose refers to the level of glucose in the blood. Remember that glucose is the main sugar of the body. It comes from the diet and is the main source of energy for the cells.
Part of the blood glucose is used to produce energy while the rest is stored as glycogen, ready to be mobilized when needed.
The concentration of glucose in the blood is regulated by pancreatic hormones:
insulin, which is naturally produced in response to elevated blood sugar levels and promotes its absorption into cells;
glucagon, which has the opposite role. Secreted in response to a drop in the level of glucose in the blood, it promotes its release from the cells.
This hormonal control normally helps maintain a normal blood glucose level. But in some cases, the blood sugar level may be higher or lower than the reference values and may be the cause of various disorders.

What is the purpose of the blood glucose test??
The doctor prescribes a blood glucose test if he suspects diabetes.
But it is a routine test that the doctor offers regularly. And in particular in the following cases:
- weight loss;
- attention disorder;
- unusual tiredness;
- thirst ;
- discomfort ;
- or in pregnant women.

Blood glucose level and diet:
The blood glucose level varies automatically with the diet. Classically, the level of glucose in the blood increases during the meal to decrease gradually and return to a normal value when the regulatory mechanisms have been put in place.
Foods have a glycemic index (or index), which refers to the speed at which their sugar reaches the blood once ingested. For example, oatmeal and green beans have a low glycemic index, while white bread or bananas are high.

How to interpret the results?
The normal value of blood glucose in a fasted person is between 0.7 and 1.1 g / l.
Too high blood glucose, called hyperglycemia, can be a sign of:
- diabetes (above 1.26 g / l);
- pancreas involvement, such as inflammation or cancer;
- hyperthyroidism (the thyroid gland secretes too much thyroid hormone in this case);
- or stress, caused by trauma, stroke or surgery.

On the contrary, a low blood glucose level, called hypoglycaemia, can be a sign of:
- undernutrition;
- a significant weight loss;
- excessive consumption of alcohol;
- adrenal or pituitary insufficiency;
- hypothyroidism (the thyroid gland secretes too little thyroid hormone in this case).
Note that hypoglycemia can cause discomfort or even coma.

What are the factors of variation?
There are several factors that can vary blood sugar levels:
- the amount of food intake;
- the distance to the meal;
- the physical exercise performed;
- it can also vary slightly from one individual to another.

How is the analysis done?
The blood glucose is measured by taking venous blood (usually in the bend of the elbow), in a medical analysis laboratory.
The patient must be fasting for at least 8 to 12 hours. The doctor will give further details as to whether or not drugs have been taken for patients on treatment.
Note that the doctor may also request an oral hyperglycemia test. This is to analyze the blood sugar 2 hours after drinking a sugar solution, to see how the body manages or not to regulate the blood glucose concentration.
Favoring a balanced diet and regular exercise can help regulate blood sugar.

Test your blood sugar through doubt finger (sugar measuring device)

This type of sugar test, is the easiest and fastest test you can do sugar. And less expensive than the rest of the other tests.

It requires a single drop of blood from the finger and put blood on a special bar with sugar and put in the sugar measuring device to determine the level of sugar in the blood.

If measuring more than 126 mg / dl (mg / dl ) Must do another test sugar, for example: test after the fasting period.

For diabetics, especially for type 1 diabetics, one of the aspects that they find most annoying is having to prick your finger three to five times a day to measure your blood glucose level. In various studies on the quality of life of patients, they have placed punctures as more annoying than applying insulin.
Therefore, the appearance on the market of a new device that can measure glucose without punctures means a paradigm shift in the treatment of type 1 diabetes, and also for type 2 diabetics who receive insulin and glucose should be measured regularly .
In the management of diabetes, the patient's role is key and in turn, most patients do not achieve adequate glucose levels: 60% of diabetics do not meet the recommended blood glucose goals. Is that, to achieve this, measurement and monitoring is essential. However, it is estimated that 4 out of 10 diabetics do not do it frequently.
The new device, called Abbott's FreeStyle Libre, is made up of a small sensor, about the size of a 2-peso coin that is placed in the arm and measures glucose in interstitial fluid using a filament that is placed under the skin and stays in place attached to a small adhesive patch. That patch has a shelf life of 14 days, in which the patient can wet it, play sports, and any normal activity without risk of going out. On the other hand is the reader (an electronic device, similar to a small cell phone) that, when approached to the sensor, scans the glucose level in less than a second. And it works even if the person has several layers of clothing that cover it. The patch with the sensor is placed on the back of the arm, because in the tests it was determined that this was the place of the body that the device was least at risk of engaging with a door or being accidentally removed.
Currently, in order to have a good control of the disease, type 1 diabetics should be applied between 4 and 6 injections a day and make between 3 and 5 digital punctures daily. "This alters the quality of life of any person," says Dr. Leon Litwak, of the Diabetes and Metabolism section of the Italian Hospital. And he warns that this new system is a paradigm shift because the device "gives a dynamic aspect to monitoring, which is what the pancreas naturally does," he says. It is that the device keeps the information of each measurement (it needs a minimum of three per day and can register up to 80 in one day) and it sets the trend. This allows to see if there is a tendency to hyper or hypogulucemia, and that the patient can act accordingly.
“My daughter is 22 years old today and has been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes since she was two years old. I would have been fascinated not to have to prick his fingers. Undoubtedly, it is a great advance, which we hope will be available for all patients with diabetes, and not only for those who can afford it, ”said Clarín Liliana Tieri, director and founder of the Association for Diabetes Care in Argentina , who works with children. The new device is approved for children from 4 years.
“In the case of children it is an impressive advance. Giving parents the ability to pass the reader through the sensor without the need to wake the boy to prick it is a very important step, ”agrees Dr. Graciela Fuentes, head of the Diabetes service at Durand Hospital and vice president of the Argentine Diabetes Society.
Although the device is already in Argentina, the Abbott laboratory is still in talks with the different actors in the health system so that it has coverage. At the moment it will be possible to acquire in particular, for a value of 1,100 pesos the reader (which is acquired only once) and 1,100 pesos the sensor that lasts 14 days. The laboratory is negotiating with a pharmacy to handle its marketing, with the possibility of shipping throughout the country.
Diabetes in Argentina has a prevalence of 9.8% in people over 18 years. And it is estimated that there are 300 thousand type 1 diabetics in the country. However, diabetes is a worldwide epidemic, affecting 382 million people in the world. And it is estimated that by 2035 the figure will increase by 20%.

Glycated hemoglobin (Glycosylated Haemoglobin - HbA 1c).. Give an indication of the percentage of sugar in the blood during the life of red blood cells

Glycated hemoglobin is a protein (globulin) is linked with the iron in the set (Haem ) And protein (hemoglobin) is linked to glucose sugar and there are many types of hemoglobin, but what concerns us is the A1c Because it is characterized by being linked with glucose, where linked to a small percentage of hemoglobin not exceed 5 - 10% of the hemoglobin blood Bjlokoz and this is called the associated part(HbA1c ).

Link glucose hemoglobin Batmd level in the blood, the more Zhadat increased glucose ratio (HbA1c ), But this link is slowly and ever-slowly, and are not affected portable sugar diets and gives us an indication of the percentage of sugar in the blood during the life of red blood cells, which is about 120 days, and the natural rate ranging

Between 5 - 8% increase in diabetes in the case of non-attendance in treatment as well as in diabetes type I if the patient is in the need to increase the dose of the a Nsolan.

WHAT IS GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN?
If you have diabetes, it is very important that you self-control your disease to avoid complications.
To do this, if your doctor tells you to, you should analyze your blood sugar or glucose levels daily, at different times of the day, through a test called capillary glycemia.
This test is performed with a meter and test strips. In addition, in specific cases (if you suffer from hyperglycemia, your blood sugar levels are higher than 300 mg / dl, if you are sick or in any other circumstance that your doctor tells you) you will need to have a urine test to check the presence of acetone (appears when your body uses its own fat to generate energy instead of sugar).
It is very important that you write down the results obtained after the tests, since your doctor will take them into account to determine the most appropriate treatment for you: insulin, medication, diet, exercise ... However, there is a third diabetes self-control test whose The result provides very useful information to your doctor, both to determine your treatment and to evaluate whether it is necessary to take measures to prevent the complications of this disease.
It is glycosylated hemoglobin (also called glycated or HbA1c).
In simple terms, we can say that it is a test that provides a retrospective view of diabetes control. That is, the average of your sugar levels in the last 3 months.
Red blood cells that circulate in the blood contain a protein called hemoglobin. Glucose, which also circulates in the blood, adheres to hemoglobin for a period of between 90 and 120 days (approximately 3 months). In this way, the glycosylated hemoglobin test is based on the measurement of the amount of glucose adhered to the red blood cells and its result is expressed as a percentage, which determines the average blood glucose level during the quarter prior to the test. In addition, since 2010, the American Diabetes Association established this test as a diagnostic test for the disease: a result equal to or greater than 6.5% determines that a person has diabetes, while one between 5.7% and 6, 4% is considered prediabetes.
The DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial), thanks to a study conducted in the US for 10 years with people with type 1 diabetes, showed that keeping glycosylated hemoglobin at close to normal values (from 4.5% to 6.5% ) significantly reduces the possibility of developing chronic complications of this disease: retinopathy, kidney disease, diabetic foot, etc.
In any case, you have to take into account that the intake of alcohol or vitamin C, among other substances, can alter the results of glycosylated hemoglobin.
In addition, the type of diabetes and the particular circumstances of each patient are also factors to analyze to determine what values are normal in each person.
For this reason, it is very important that your medical team be the one that tells you which results are optimal for you.

How is this test done?
Glycosylated hemoglobin can be determined in a blood test, expressly checking this value.
However, there are also medical teams to find out the result at a capillary level.

Glucose tolerance test.. Test for pregnant women to detect the presence of gestational diabetes

This test is performed for a pregnant woman, to detect the presence of gestational diabetes.

This test requires drinking about 226 grams of fluid mascara after a fast 8 hours.

Sugar level is measured in the blood before fluid intake and then every hour after fluid intake for a period of 3 hours. If there is a rise in the level of sugar more than the expected rise may be Ms. infected with sugar.

Glucose tolerance test:

General description:
The glucose tolerance test, also known as the "oral glucose tolerance test," measures the body's response to sugar (glucose). This test can be used as a screening test for type 2 diabetes. However, more frequently, a modified version of the glucose tolerance test is used to diagnose gestational diabetes (a type of diabetes that appears during pregnancy). pregnancy).

Why it is done:
The glucose tolerance test identifies abnormalities in the way the body administers glucose after a meal (usually, before fasting, the glucose level becomes abnormal).

Risks:
The risks related to obtaining a blood sample are minor. After blood collection, you may have bruising or bleeding in the area. You may also feel dizzy or lightheaded. In some cases, an infection may occur after the procedure.

How to prepare:
Food and medication:
It is important that you eat and drink as you usually do in the days next to the glucose tolerance test. Notify the doctor if you feel sick or if you are receiving any medication, as these factors could influence the test results.

What you can expect:
Before the procedure:
You will not be able to eat or drink anything in the eight hours prior to the test. It would be convenient for you to keep fasting at night and schedule the test early for the next morning.

During the procedure:
The glucose tolerance test is performed in several stages. When you arrive at the doctor's laboratory or office, a member of the health care team will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm. This blood sample will be used to measure your fasting blood glucose level.

Type 2 diabetes:
If you are being tested to find out if you have type 2 diabetes:
- You should drink about 8 ounces (approximately 237 milliliters) of a syrup-like glucose solution that contains 2.6 ounces (75 grams) of sugar
- Two hours later, your blood glucose level will be measured again

Gestational diabetes:
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends a one-hour blood glucose tolerance test to detect gestational diabetes in low-risk pregnant women who are in the 24th to 28th week of pregnancy.
Your doctor may recommend you take this screening test before if you have a higher risk of developing gestational diabetes. Among the risk factors are the following:
- Gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy.
- Family history of diabetes.
- Obesity
- Having a disease associated with the development of diabetes, for example, metabolic syndrome or polycystic ovarian syndrome.
If the doctor determines that you are at risk or have a suspicious value on the one-hour test, they may recommend that you undergo a three-hour glucose tolerance test.

Three hour test:
- You will be asked to attend the fasting test, that is, you should not eat or drink anything in the eight hours before the test. A blood sample will be taken to determine the fasting blood sugar level.
- You should drink about 8 ounces (approximately 237 milliliters) of a glucose solution that contains 3.5 ounces (100 grams) of sugar.
- Your blood glucose level will be reassessed two to three hours after you drink the solution.
After drinking the glucose solution, you may have to stay in the doctor's laboratory or office while waiting for your blood glucose level to be measured again.

After the procedure:
Once you have done the glucose tolerance test, you can immediately resume your usual activities.

Results:
The results of the oral glucose tolerance test are given in milligrams per deciliter (mg / dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol / L).

Type 2 diabetes
If you are being tested to find out if you have type 2 diabetes, two hours after drinking the glucose solution:
- A normal blood glucose level is less than 140 mg / dL (7.8 mmol / L).
- A blood glucose level that ranges between 140 and 199 mg / dL (between 7.8 and 11 mmol / L) is considered a glucose tolerance disorder or prediabetes. If you have prediabetes, you run the risk of developing type 2 diabetes at some time. You also run the risk of developing some heart disease even if you don't develop diabetes.
- A blood glucose level of 200 mg / dL (11.1 mmol / L) or more could indicate the presence of diabetes.

If the results of the glucose tolerance test indicate the presence of type 2 diabetes, the doctor may repeat the test another day or use another blood test to confirm the diagnosis. Various factors can affect the accuracy of the glucose tolerance test result, including illness, activity level and certain medications.

Gestational diabetes:

If you are having the test to detect if you have gestational diabetes, the doctor will take into account the results of each blood glucose test.

At Mayo Clinic, if the blood glucose level is greater than 140 mg / dL (7.8 mmol / L) after the one-hour test, the doctor will recommend the three-hour test. If your blood glucose level exceeds 190 mg / dL (10.6 mmol / L) after the one hour test, you will be diagnosed with gestational diabetes.

Three hour test:

- A normal fasting blood glucose level is less than 95 mg / dL (5.3 mmol / L).

- One hour after drinking the glucose solution, a normal blood glucose level is less than 180 mg / dL (10 mmol / L).

- Two hours after drinking the glucose solution, a normal blood glucose level is less than 155 mg / dL (8.6 mmol / L).

- Three hours after drinking the glucose solution, a normal blood glucose level is less than 140 mg / dL (7.8 mmol / L).

If one of the tests yields a result above the normal value, it is likely that you will be tested again in four weeks. If two or more results are higher than normal, you will be diagnosed with gestational diabetes.

If you are diagnosed with gestational diabetes, you can avoid complications if you carefully monitor the blood glucose level during the rest of the pregnancy.

Give an idea about the future of diabetes occurs when the patient and whether will need to analyze the sugar curve or not

This analysis is on the patient after a normal meal (or 75 grams of glucose) and then measure his blood sugar two hours after eating, and the usefulness of this analysis because it gives us an idea about the future of diabetes occurs when the patient and whether will need to analyze the sugar curve or not.

If the ratio exceeded 140 mg two hours after eating, this indicates that there are flaws in the return of sugar to a normal level.

Fasting sugar analysis (Fasting Blood Glucose).. Index of incidence of diabetes in the future

This analysis is carried out on the patient so that the fasting of 8 - 12 hours

Note that the normal level of sugar in the blood ranges between 70 - 110 mg per 100 ml of blood, and if the ratio of 120 it is a sign of the incidence of sugar in the future, and if they exceed 130, it is patients with sugar, and are sure of that re-analysis of the two or 3 periods at least consecutive week interval between each measurement.

Fasting sugar analysis (Fasting Blood Glucose).. Index of incidence of diabetes in the future

This analysis is carried out on the patient so that the fasting of 8 - 12 hours

Analysis of sugar in the blood and urine.. Power reduction sugar glucose and use strips

There are several ways to detect sugar in the blood and urine, including:

* Depending on the strength of shorthand sugar (glucose) it can use Vhlainj solution (Fehling ) Or Benedict (Benedict ) To detect glucose in the urine where Turns to color blue to red precipitate with heating.

** Use strips (Strips ) That contain the enzyme glucose oxide (Glucose Oxidase ) This analysis is the most comprehensive and accurate than its predecessor.

** Use glucose analyzers (Glucose Analyzer ) And this depends on the shorthand by the enzyme glucose(Glucose Oxidase ) And exit oxygen

Is appreciated by measuring pole oxygen (Oxygen Electrode ) And then measured electronically by these devices, and this is the way of the most accurate methods in the analysis of glucose in medical laboratories.

It is important to make sure the person when taking a blood sample to be spent fasting period of not less than 8 -12 hours before the sample directly

First: the normal level of sugar in the blood :-( Normal Values )

And then return to normal after two hours of eating.

Second: samples: - Samples

Can have several sample images (serum / Serum Plasma or plasma Or spinal fluid CSF)

Sample Preparation:

Important notice: take into account the separation of serum or plasma after the withdrawal of the sample immediately with because left without disconnecting affect the concentration of sugar in the sample

To separate serum :-( Serum ) Withdraw venous blood sample is then placed in a tube Snterveug and leave for Ttglt then managed in a Alsntervaj

To separate the plasma :-( Plasma ) Withdraw venous blood sample is then placed in a tube I Snterveug mind such clots (EDTA ) And mix well then managed in Alsntervaj device 0 (enough separation of the sample in a way that one of the two methods)

Thirdly tools used:

- B Tube blank solution (Blank )

- S Tube standard solution (Standard )

- T tube sample of the person (Test )

- Absorbers size 10 microns and a 1 ml pipette (1000 microns) to separate solutions (Reagents ) Used in the test

- A color measurement device (Colorometar ) / Incubation (incubate )

Enzymatic method (Enzimatic method )

Glecose +0 2 + H 20 God H 20 + Gluconate

H 202 + Phenol +4- Ap God Quinonimine +4 H 20

Fourth: lotions used: (Reagents )

R 1 Buffer Solution R2 Enzymes R3 Standard 100mg/dl

Is mixed package of R1 + R2 For the work of the reaction solution which is coloring solution (WorkingReagant ) And upon completion of confusion be limited validity of this solution ranging from 7 days at room temperature to a month in the refrigerator (at 3: 8 degrees), for example, so be prepared as needed.

After preparing pipes corresponding table is performed in Figure developing 10 micron tube of serum T And 10 microns of the standard solution in the tube S And can put 10 Maikarn distilled water in a tube blank B (Possible to ignore put the water in the tube last of the small size of quantity)

To complete the test is added 1 ml Of the reaction solutionWorking Reagant In three tubes B. S. T To complete the interaction and the emergence of color

- Leaves the test for 10 minutes in incubation at 37 ° or for 30 minutes at room temperature /

- Chaharbagh then adjusts color measurement at the selected wavelength to read the sugar (505 nm )(Wavelength )

- The device is set to zero blank solution (Blank )

- Put the contents of the tube S Kuveyt (Cuvet 's) Are then placed in the reading device to take the reading and recording

- Put the contents of the tube T Kuveyt (Cuvet 's) Are then placed in the reading device to take the reading and recording

:-( Calculation method of calculation ) To calculate the concentration of sugar in the blood required form (read standard solution and read the sample and standard solution concentration)

Sugar concentration In the sample

Trkizamahlol record = 100 (R3 Standard 100 mg / dl ) Given as a result of b mg / ml

Note: - The standard solution is a solution of known concentration Minutes beforehand by the manufacturer of the kit (Kit ) A known weight Bazabh of the substance to be measured in a given volume of distilled water, so it gives a fixed reading every time measuring 0

Example: - if read sample tube to a person on the device = 28. And they read the standard solution tube device = 32.

Calculate the concentration of sugar in the sample for this person with the knowledge that the concentration of the solution record = 100 and if the ratio was normal or not the spectrum if the sample taken for a person who is fasting.

Blood sugar curve sugar carve.. Picture the blood sugar curve of a natural person. Photo sugar curve for diabetic person

N the highest rate of glucose absorption and transmission of e Li blood an hour after a meal and called (absorption phase), followed by phase insulin secretion and glucose enter in the cell and continue Li full hour after the absorption process any hours of Ntaul meal unprecedented period of fasting.

Image curve of sugar in the blood to someone nature j

1 - blood sugar fasting not more than 120 mg / dl

2 - blood sugar after an hour of not more than 140 mg / dl

3 - dating Li sugar level fasting hours after a meal (breakfast)

Photo sugar curve for diabetic person

1 - fasting glucose more than 120 mg / dl

2 - After hours of mycosis increase sugar 180 mg / dl In the blood (and appears in the urine)

3 - After two hours of the ratio is less than mycosis but slowly due to lack of secretion Insulin

4 - Do not return E. Lee sugar level fasting because the rate of a Nsol j n Walt j excreted less than the required rate which is called (in failure The production of insulin).

Modus operandi curve Scrvy blood.. Maximum reduction of sugar two hours after breakfast

Alkhtoa T:

1 - Take a blood sample / Paul fasting person and separates serum in case

2 - given the same person the amount of glucose dissolved in water Pmaaadel 1 gm per km of a person's weight (glucose tolerance test of strength)

3 - Take a blood sample / Paul (an hour and two hours after eating glucose)

After sampling required is separated serum in all samples (fasting - an hour later - after hours) and is estimated sugar out at the same time is detected sugar in urine samples, which were taken with blood samples (test Benedict & Vhlnj & strips urine) after completion expense ratios of sugar in the samples we draw the curve to determine the final shape.

Conclude the following:

1 - the highest concentration of sugar in the blood after an hour

2 - the maximum decline of sugar two hours after breakfast

3 - in the curve of patients showing sugar in the urine when it increases the percentage in the blood for 180 mg / dl.

Q: Malmqsod term form (Renal Glucorsunia )?

A: It is the presence of sugar in the urine with the percentage in the blood did not exceed 180 mg / dlThis is mostly the result of a defect in kidney tubes.

Glucose.. Main sugar in human blood is a source of energy for all body tissue

Is the main sugar in human blood is a source of energy for all body tissue.

The normal rate for glucose in the blood ranging between 70 - 110 mg per 100 ml of blood, provided that the rights fasting for a period of 8 - 12 hours, and this percentage rises to 120 to 150 mg per 100 ml of blood after a meal carbohydrate and this so-called altitude physiology blood sugar (Physiological Hyperglycaemia) This does not rise soon to return to the normal level of fasting after two to three hours after eating.

During fasting for a long time (12 - 18 hours) reduced the level of sugar in the blood to 60 - 70 mg per 100 ml of blood, and this condition is called "physiological decline of sugar in the blood" (Physiological Hypoglycaemia).

What should diabetics do after measuring the level of sugar in the blood

- If the level of sugar is higher than the target set by the health supervisor must know the carbohydrates that have been eaten by the patient during the day you are more than usual? Or Is the patient reduced his usual.

If not the patient must identify the readings that will be reviewed by the health supervisor.

- If the level of sugar is less than the target: to be taken, the treatment of low blood sugar also recommended you direct health supervisor then you should find out why? Is the amount of carbohydrates that were eating less than usual? Or Is the patient has increased its activity in this today?

If not, you must Codification Aqraouatk and review health supervisor.

General recommendations for screening sugar.. Check out the sugar when you receive a bookmark or a genetic predisposition to infection

Are diagnosed Type I diabetes usually the appearance of symptoms such as: many e urination and extreme thirst, often accompanied by loss of weight. These symptoms worsen within days to weeks. And about 25% of people newly infected type I diabetes have happened to have some degree of Alkithonip acids when sugar is detected to have.

Experts recommend at present each person more than 45 years a sugar test regularly.

And also must examine the sugar in adults young and in the following cases:

· An increase in the weight of the equivalent of 20% of ideal body weight.

· High blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg or more).

· Lack of good cholesterol (HDL ) In the blood (less than 35 mg / dL) and increase in Turaagelesraad rates (greater than 250 mg / dL) ( 2.83 mmol / l).

· Injury of a close family member with sugar.

· Person's affiliation to one of the historically known strains infect sugar.

· And an earlier date incidence of gestational diabetes.

Experts recommend examination type II diabetes each child more than 10 years if obese or has a diabetes risk factors mentioned above.

It can diagnose diabetes when a person one of the diseases that usually caused by diabetes, such as heart attack, and stroke, neuropathy, and slow wound healing, or sore foot, and eye problems, and some fungal infections, or the birth of a child obese suffer from a lack of blood sugar.

Blood sugar two hours after eating 75 grams of glucose (mg / 100 cm 3 (mmol / L)	Diagnosis
Less than 140 (7.80)	Natural
140 - 200 (7.80-11.1)	Sugar latent or pre- Sugar (a defect in glucose tolerance)
More than 200 (More than 11.1)	Diabetes *

* If this is in two different days results