Showing posts with label Body fluids. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Body fluids. Show all posts

If urine is kept for a long time.. Becomes black

If urine is kept for a long time:
a. Becomes black.
b. Urea increases.
c. Urea decreases.
d. Creatinine increases

(a) Urine becomes black on standing in cases of alkaptonurea (↑homogentesic acid) and methemoglobinurea.

Calcium in urine stone is present in all of the following except.. Secondary hyperparathyroidism

Calcium in urine stone is present in all of the following except:
a. UTI
b. Secondary hyperparathyroidism.

(b) In 2ry hyperparathyroidism, hypocalcemia due to e.g. chronic renal failure is the cause of increased parathormone. Stones due to hyperparathyroidism only occur with the 1ry or 3ry disease.
Calcium is precipitated in stones with oxalate (at acid or neutral pH), or less commonly with urate (at acidic pH) or with phosphate (at normal urine pH). Causes of hypercalciurea include:
- ↑intestinal calcium absorption (↑P level→↑vit D→↑Ca absorption Or in case of hypervitaminosis D.
- Lack of renal tubular reabsorption e.g. with furosamide.
- Loss of Ca from bone (due to mobilization as in 1ry & 3ry hyperparathyroidism, due to bone destruction or due to Cushing's and thyrotoxicosis)
Otherwise, UTI causes stones at alkaline pH where ammonium is high and mixed stones form due to obstructing Ca stone which favors infection and precipitation of ammonia salts.

Abnormal constituent of urine includes.. Cholesterol

Abnormal constituent of urine includes?
a. Urea
b. Glucose
c. Cholesterol.
d. Uric acid
e. Protein.

(c) Although also glucose and protein are abnormal constituents of urine, yet they normally present in trace amounts below the detection limit of ordinary methods.

Which is not a reducing sugar in urine.. Sucrose

Which is not a reducing sugar in urine?
a. Glucose.
b. Galactose.
c. Sucrose.
d. Fructose.

(c) A reducing substance is the one that reduces alkaline cupric sulfate to red coprous oxide. Most important are glucose, lactose, fructose, galactoses and pentoses (e.g. ribose, xylose and arabinose) while sucrose will not reduce alkaline cupric sulfate.

Regarding Albustix.. Not useful if acid is added to urine

Regarding Albustix:
a. Useless if infected urine.
b. Gives red color.
c. Not useful if acid is added to urine.
d. Depends on acid precipitation of urinary proteins.

(c) Commercial strips for detecting albumin (Albustix) use the following formula:
Tetrabromophenol blue (yellow at 3.0) → shades of green in the presence of protein at the same pH.
This reaction is sensitive to 0.03g/L albumin. A false negative result occurs with acidification of urine. Also, a markedly alkaline urine (pH or higher can give false +ve.

Cytological examination of pleural effusion in a 60 yrs old man revealed the presence of malignant cells.. Mesothelioma

Cytological examination of pleural effusion in a 60 yrs old man revealed the presence of malignant cells. The most likely primary tumor will be:
a. Lymphoma.
b. Mesothelioma.
c. Cancer colon.
d. lung cancer.

(d)  Lung cancer: 75% of malignant pulmonary effusions are due to 3 causes; lung cancer (30%), breast cancer (25%) & lymphoma (20%).
Practically, cytological examination only establishes the presence of malignant effusion, however, in most cases it cannot identify the primary site of the tumor.
Regarding mesothelioma, it is a rather a rare tumor of the pleura.
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)