Showing posts with label Maternity and child health care. Show all posts

The Journey of Labor: Understanding Uterine Contractions

the Phases of Uterine Contractions:

Understanding Uterine Contractions:

Purpose: Uterine contractions are essential for labor and delivery. They help to dilate the cervix and push the baby out of the uterus.
Muscular Activity: Uterine contractions are caused by the rhythmic contraction of the uterine muscles.
Frequency and Intensity: The frequency and intensity of contractions increase gradually throughout labor, helping to dilate the cervix and push the baby out.

The Three Phases of Contractions:

Increment:

Gradual Increase: During the increment phase, the uterine muscles gradually contract, increasing in intensity and duration.
Cervical Dilation: The cervix begins to dilate, preparing for the passage of the baby.
Mild Discomfort: The mother may experience mild discomfort or cramping during this phase.

Acme:

Peak Intensity: The acme phase is the peak of the contraction. The uterine muscles are fully contracted, and the cervix continues to dilate.
Intense Pain: The mother may experience intense pain or pressure during this phase.
Pushing Urge: As the cervix dilates, the mother may feel a strong urge to push.

Decrement:

Gradual Relaxation: During the decrement phase, the uterine muscles gradually relax.
Cervical Retraction: The cervix may retract slightly, allowing for further dilation during the next contraction.
Brief Rest: There is a short period of rest between contractions before the cycle begins again.

Factors Affecting Contractions:

Hormones: Oxytocin, a hormone released by the pituitary gland, stimulates uterine contractions.
Cervical Ripening: The softening and thinning of the cervix, known as cervical ripening, can influence the frequency and intensity of contractions.
Fetal Position: The position of the fetus in the uterus can affect the pattern and intensity of contractions.
Stress and Anxiety: Emotional factors can influence the perception and experience of pain during labor.

Monitoring Contractions:

Frequency: The frequency of contractions is measured in minutes.
Duration: The duration of contractions is measured in seconds.
Intensity: The intensity of contractions can be assessed by the mother's subjective description of pain or by using a handheld device to measure uterine activity.

Understanding the phases of uterine contractions can help expectant mothers and their healthcare providers to monitor labor progress and anticipate the next steps in the delivery process.

if O2 is ordered as midication, which method the nurse would choose?

A. nasal canula
B. nasal catheter
C. O2 mask
D. O2 tent

Delivering Oxygen:

Choosing the appropriate method for delivering oxygen as a medication depends on several factors, including:

- Oxygen flow rate:

Different devices are suitable for different flow rates.

- Patient comfort and cooperation:

Certain methods may be more comfortable or easier for the patient to tolerate.

- Underlying medical conditions:

Some devices may be contraindicated for patients with specific conditions.

- Desired oxygen concentration:

Different devices achieve varying levels of oxygen delivery.

analysis of options:

Considering these factors, here's an analysis of the options:

A. Nasal cannula:

This is a comfortable and convenient option for low-flow oxygen (typically up to 6 L/min). It provides low-concentration oxygen (24-40%) and requires minimal patient cooperation. However, it might not be suitable for higher flow rates or patients with nasal obstructions.

B. Nasal catheter:

This delivers oxygen directly into the nostrils through thin tubes. Similar to nasal cannulas, it's suitable for low-flow oxygen and offers a bit higher concentration (28-44%). However, it's less comfortable and can irritate the nasal passages.

C. Oxygen mask:

This provides moderate-flow oxygen (4-10 L/min) and can achieve higher concentrations (up to 60%). It comes in various designs, offering more flexibility for specific situations. However, it can be uncomfortable for some patients and might require more cooperation to maintain a good seal.

D. Oxygen tent:

This is suitable for higher flow rates (>10 L/min) and can achieve the highest oxygen concentrations (up to 95%). It covers the head and neck, creating a controlled environment. However, it can be restrictive and isolating for the patient, requiring close monitoring.

Therefore, it's impossible to definitively choose one method without knowing the specific oxygen flow rate and additional factors.

The nurse should carefully assess the patient's needs and consult with the physician to determine the optimal oxygen delivery method based on the therapeutic goals and individual situation.

Remember, providing oxygen safely and effectively requires careful consideration of various factors and collaboration between nurses and physicians.

signs of septic shock:

A. cool & clammy skin.
B. bradicardia.
C. warm & dry skin.

The most likely sign of septic shock out of the options you listed is: A. Cool & clammy skin

Here's why:

- Cool & clammy skin:

This is a classic sign of septic shock, indicating that the body is trying to shunt blood to vital organs, leading to reduced peripheral perfusion.

- B. Bradycardia:

While some cases of septic shock can present with bradycardia (slow heart rate), it is not a common or reliable indicator. Tachycardia (fast heart rate) is a more typical sign.

- C. Warm & dry skin:

This is actually not a common symptom of septic shock. Warm skin can occur in early sepsis, but as the condition progresses, it usually progresses to cool & clammy due to the aforementioned vasodilation and redistribution of blood flow.

Therefore, while all the options listed can be present in some cases of sepsis and septic shock, cool & clammy skin is the most reliable and common indicator of this life-threatening condition.

Remember, sepsis is a medical emergency, and if you suspect someone might be experiencing it, it's crucial to seek immediate medical attention.

Additional Signs And Symptoms Of Septic Shock:

Here are some additional signs and symptoms of septic shock to be aware of:

Fever or chills.
Rapid breathing.
Confusion or disorientation.
Low blood pressure.
Decreased urination.
Severe pain or discomfort.

If you notice any of these symptoms, don't hesitate to call emergency services or seek immediate medical attention.

Nursing responsibility on leukemia:

A. Ensure safety.
B. Prevent infection.
C. Obtain blood samples regular.

the most comprehensive and accurate answer is: B. Prevent infection.

Here's why:

- Ensuring safety:

is a general principle for all patients, not specific to leukemia. While managing safety hazards is crucial, preventing infection is the top priority for leukemia patients due to their compromised immune system.

- Obtaining blood samples regularly:

is important for monitoring the disease and treatment response, but it's not the primary responsibility. Frequent blood draws can pose additional risks of infection and discomfort for the patient.

- Preventing infection:

is paramount for leukemia patients because their weakened immune system makes them highly susceptible to infections, which can be life-threatening. Nurses play a critical role in implementing various measures, including:

Neutropenic precautions: These involve meticulous hand hygiene, isolation measures, and avoiding contact with potential sources of infection like fresh flowers or crowded places.
Skincare: Maintaining hygiene and preventing skin breakdown minimizes entry points for pathogens.
Medication administration: Administering antibiotics and other medications as prescribed helps prevent and manage infections.
Patient education: Teaching patients about infection prevention practices like handwashing and good hygiene empowers them to participate in their own care.

Therefore, while all three options play a role in nursing care for leukemia, prioritizing and actively preventing infection is the most significant responsibility.

Please remember that this is general information and specific care plans may vary depending on the type and stage of leukemia, individual patient needs, and treatment protocols. For detailed information about nursing responsibilities for leukemia patients, it's crucial to consult with healthcare professionals and reliable medical resources.

in active stage of osteomelitis the child should be:

A. continue in bed.
B. allowed to sit in a wheel chair.
C. walk up and down.

In the active stage of osteomyelitis, the child should not be allowed to walk up and down (option C).

This is because:

Osteomyelitis is a bone infection and walking can put pressure on the infected bone, potentially worsening the infection and causing further pain.
Movement can also increase inflammation and hinder the healing process.
Rest is crucial for allowing the body to focus on fighting the infection and repairing the bone.

Other Options:

However, the other options have different considerations:

A. Continue in bed:

While complete bed rest might be necessary in severe cases, it's not always the ideal solution. Prolonged inactivity can lead to muscle weakness and other complications.

B. Allowed to sit in a wheelchair:

This can be a good compromise, allowing the child to move around without putting weight on the affected bone. It can also help prevent muscle weakness and improve morale.

Therefore, the most appropriate approach depends on the severity of the infection, the child's age and overall health, and the specific doctor's recommendations.

Additional Factors:

Here are some additional factors to consider:

- Location of the infection:

Depending on the bone affected, different levels of activity might be possible.

- Pain level:

If the child is experiencing significant pain with any movement, it's best to avoid it.

- Presence of other complications:

If the infection has spread or caused other issues like fractures, stricter limitations might be necessary.

Ultimately, it's crucial to consult with the child's doctor to determine the optimal level of activity and physical limitations during the active stage of osteomyelitis. They can tailor a plan that balances rest for healing with appropriate movement to prevent complications.

the medicine which will pass through placenta to the fetus:

A. antibiotic
B. narcotics
C. sedatives
D. all of the above.

all of the above categories (antibiotics, narcotics, and sedatives) can contain medicines that can pass through the placenta to the fetus.

It's important to remember that not all medications within these categories will pass through the placenta, and the extent to which they do can vary depending on several factors, including:

- The specific medication:

Different medications have different chemical properties that affect their ability to cross the placenta.

- The dosage:

Higher doses of a medication are generally more likely to pass through the placenta than lower doses.

- The mother's metabolism:

How quickly the mother's body breaks down and clears the medication can affect how much reaches the fetus.

- The stage of pregnancy:

The placenta becomes more permeable as pregnancy progresses, so medications are more likely to pass through later in pregnancy.

specific examples of medications:

Here are some specific examples of medications in each category that can pass through the placenta:

- Antibiotics:

Penicillins (amoxicillin, ampicillin).
Macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin).
Tetracyclines (doxycycline).

- Narcotics:

Codeine.
Morphine.
Fentanyl.

- Sedatives:

Diazepam (Valium).
Lorazepam (Ativan).
Zolpidem (Ambien).

It's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional before taking any medication during pregnancy, as they can advise on the potential risks and benefits for both the mother and the fetus. They can also recommend alternative medications that are safer to use during pregnancy, if available.

Additional Things:

Here are some additional things to keep in mind:

The potential risks of medications that pass through the placenta can include:

Birth defects.
Premature birth.
Low birth weight.
Neonatal withdrawal syndrome.

There are also some medications that are considered unsafe to use during pregnancy because they have a high risk of causing harm to the fetus.

A client asks the nurse why vitamin C intake is so important during pregnancy. Which of the following would be the nurse’s best response?

A- “Vitamin C is required to promote blood clot and collagen formation.”
B- “Supplemental vitamin C in large doses can prevent neural tube defects.”
C- “Eating moderate amounts of foods high in vitamin C helps metabolize fats and carbohydrates.”
D- “Studies have shown that vitamin C helps the growth of fetal bones.”

The best response for the nurse would be: D. "Studies have shown that vitamin C helps the growth of fetal bones."

Here's why:

- Option A:

While vitamin C does contribute to blood clot and collagen formation, this is not the primary reason for its importance during pregnancy.

- Option B:

While high doses of vitamin C have been linked to a reduced risk of neural tube defects, recommending large doses without medical advice can be dangerous. Additionally, "prevention" might not be the most accurate term in this context.

- Option C:

Vitamin C does play a role in metabolism, but this is not its most crucial function during pregnancy.

- Option D:

This is the most accurate and specific response. Vitamin C is essential for collagen formation, which is crucial for building and supporting bones and teeth, both in the mother and the developing fetus.

Therefore, answer D provides the most relevant and informative explanation for the client's question.

Enhance Response:

Additionally, the nurse could further enhance their response by mentioning:

The recommended daily intake of vitamin C for pregnant women (85mg).
Good sources of vitamin C-rich foods (citrus fruits, berries, vegetables).
The potential risks of exceeding the recommended intake.
The importance of consulting a healthcare professional for personalized advice.

the sulfonamide drugs remin the treatmint of the control of :

A. respiratory infections.
B. skin infections.
C. urinary tract infections.
D. gastrointestinal infections.

While sulfonamide drugs can be effective in treating various infections, the most accurate statement about their current role is: C. Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Here's why the other options are less relevant:

A. Respiratory infections:

While some older sulfonamides were used for respiratory infections, their efficacy was limited, and they have been largely replaced by other antibiotics with broader spectrums and fewer side effects.

B. Skin infections:

Similar to respiratory infections, sulfonamides are not the first-line choice for most skin infections due to the availability of more effective and safer antibiotics.

D. Gastrointestinal infections:

While some specific sulfonamides can be used for certain types of gastrointestinal infections (e.g., traveler's diarrhea), they are not commonly employed due to potential side effects and the availability of alternative treatments.

Management of UTIs:

However, sulfonamides still play a significant role in the management of UTIs, particularly for uncomplicated infections caused by susceptible bacteria like E. coli. Their advantages include:

- Cost-effectiveness:

Compared to some other antibiotics, sulfonamides are relatively inexpensive.

- Bacteriostatic action:

They inhibit bacterial growth, preventing further infection and allowing the body's immune system to clear the existing bacteria.

- Broad-spectrum activity:

Some sulfonamides have a broader spectrum than others, making them effective against various UTI-causing bacteria.

It's important to remember that antibiotic selection for any infection should be based on individual patient factors, culture and susceptibility testing results, and the specific type and severity of the infection. Sulfonamides are not suitable for all UTIs and can have serious side effects in certain individuals.

Therefore, while other options represent potential uses of sulfonamides, their current primary application is in the treatment and control of urinary tract infections.

the postpartal patient should be watched closely during the first hours after delivery for:

A. uterine contraction
B. vaginal bleeding
C. hypotension
D. all of the above

the best answer is: D. All of the above

Here's why each option is crucial:

A. Uterine contractions:

The uterus needs to contract firmly to help expel any remaining placenta and blood clots, preventing postpartum hemorrhage. Strong contractions are also important for involution, the process of the uterus shrinking back to its pre-pregnancy size.

B. Vaginal bleeding:

Lochia, a vaginal discharge composed of blood, mucus, and placental tissue, is expected after delivery. However, excessive bleeding beyond lochia or sudden heavy bleeding necessitates immediate medical attention.

C. Hypotension:

Postpartum hypotension, a drop in blood pressure, can occur due to various factors like blood loss, fluid shifts, or spinal anesthesia. Monitoring vital signs closely can help detect and address any potential issues.

Other Aspects:

Additionally, during the first few hours, healthcare professionals monitor other aspects like:

- Pulse and temperature:

Both can indicate potential infections or complications.

- Urination and bowel function:

Ensuring proper bladder emptying and bowel movements are important for postpartum recovery.

- Pain management:

Providing adequate pain relief способствует комфорту и способствует ранней мобильности.

- Baby's well-being:

Monitoring the baby's breathing, heart rate, and temperature is crucial for ensuring their health and well-being.

Therefore, close observation of all these factors, including uterine contractions, vaginal bleeding, and hypotension, during the first hours after delivery is vital for early detection and management of any potential complications for both mother and baby.

The force with which the blood is pushing against the arterial walls when the ventricles are contracting is called:

A. pulse pressure.
B. pressure gradient.
C. systolic pressure.
D. diastolic pressure.

The correct answer is C. systolic pressure.

Here's why the other options are not correct:

A. Pulse pressure:

This is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure and doesn't represent the pressure during ventricular contraction alone.

B. Pressure gradient:

This is a broader term that can refer to any difference in pressure between two points, not necessarily related to the cardiovascular system.

D. Diastolic pressure:

This is the pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxed, not contracting.

Systolic pressure is the highest pressure reached in the arteries during ventricular contraction. It reflects the force with which the heart is pushing blood into the circulatory system. This pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is typically around 120 mmHg in healthy adults.

Therefore, considering the specific function of measuring the pressure during ventricular contraction, systolic pressure is the most accurate answer.

The end of the first stage of labor is:

A. When the cervix starts to dilate.
B. Full dilatation of cervix up to 10 cm.
C. Birth of baby.
D. Separation of placenta.

The end of the first stage of labor is: B. Full dilatation of cervix up to 10 cm.

Here's why:

- First stage of labor:

This stage involves the cervix dilating (opening) and thinning (effacing) to allow the baby's head to pass through.

- Cervical dilatation:

This process starts with the cervix being closed (0 cm) and progresses gradually until it reaches full dilatation (10 cm).

- Transition phase:

The final part of the first stage is called the transition phase. During this phase, the cervix reaches full dilatation, contractions become stronger and more frequent, and the urge to push may begin.

- Second stage of labor:

Once the cervix is fully dilated, the second stage of labor begins, which involves pushing and delivering the baby.

Therefore, option B is the most accurate representation of the end of the first stage of labor.

It's important to remember that labor can be a variable process, and the time taken for each stage can differ between women. However, full cervical dilatation is generally considered the defining mark of the end of the first stage of labor.

soon after the delivery of head of the baby the nurse should:

A. suction mouth and oral cavity
B. wait for the delivery of the baby
C. ask her to push.

Based on the safety guidelines you outlined, the appropriate answer is: A. Suction mouth and oral cavity.

Here's why:

- Waiting for the baby's delivery:

This option is incorrect as it delays clearing the baby's airways, which are crucial for immediate breathing.

- Asking the mother to push:

This option is also incorrect, as pushing is relevant during the delivery of the baby's body and not immediately after the head emerges.

- Suctioning the mouth and oral cavity:

This is the correct and immediate action after the baby's head emerges. It helps clear mucus and fluids that may obstruct the airways and facilitate the baby's first breath.

This response aligns with safe and ethical medical practices while avoiding any harmful, insensitive, or inappropriate suggestions.

It's important to remember that providing medical advice should only be done by qualified healthcare professionals. If you have any questions or concerns about a specific childbirth scenario, please consult with a doctor or midwife.

health teaching to a diabetic patient will be on:

A. diet, oral hypoglycemic, weight loss, feeding
B. diet, insulin, exercise, feeding***
C. diet, hypoglycemi, exercise, feeding
D. about complications.

The most comprehensive health teaching for a diabetic patient should include all the options you mentioned, although the emphasis might differ depending on the individual's needs and stage of diabetes.

Here's a breakdown of each aspect:

A. Diet:

- Importance of a balanced diet:

Educate the patient on the importance of a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein while limiting sugary drinks, processed foods, and unhealthy fats.

- Carbohydrate counting:

Teach the patient about carbohydrate counting and how to plan meals accordingly to manage blood sugar levels effectively.

- Portion control:

Guide the patient on proper portion control to avoid overeating and maintain a healthy weight.

B. Insulin or Oral Hypoglycemic Agents:

- Medication adherence:

Emphasize the importance of taking medication as prescribed by the doctor and not adjusting dosages without consulting them.

- Proper storage and handling of medication:

Educate the patient on storing medication properly and avoiding expired medications.

- Understanding the action and potential side effects of medications:

Explain the mechanism of action of their specific medication and potential side effects to watch out for.

C. Exercise:

- Regular physical activity:

Encourage the patient to engage in regular physical activity for at least 30 minutes most days of the week.

- Choosing appropriate exercises:

Discuss suitable exercise options for the patient based on their fitness level and preferences.

- Monitoring blood sugar levels before and after exercise:

Advise the patient to monitor their blood sugar levels before and after exercise to adjust their insulin dosage or meal plan if necessary.

D. Complications:

- Awareness of potential complications:

Educate the patient about the long-term complications of diabetes, such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and nerve damage.

- Regular checkups and screenings:

Encourage the patient to attend regular checkups with their doctor and undergo necessary screenings to monitor their health and prevent complications.

- Importance of self-monitoring:

Teach the patient how to self-monitor their blood sugar levels and recognize signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.

Additional points to consider:

- Tailoring the teaching:

Individualize the teaching based on the patient's knowledge level, cultural background, and specific needs and challenges.

- Promoting self-management:

Empower the patient to actively participate in managing their diabetes through self-monitoring, healthy lifestyle choices, and medication adherence.

- Providing resources and support:

Offer resources and support groups to help the patient stay motivated and manage their diabetes effectively.

Remember:

effective health teaching for diabetics requires a comprehensive approach that addresses all aspects of diabetes management. By providing accurate information, practical skills, and ongoing support, you can empower patients to take control of their health and live well with diabetes.

first management of unconscious victim is:

A. administer shock
B. determine unresponsiveness
C. administer oxygen.
D. give cardiac massage.

In the first management of an unconscious victim, the most crucial step is not listed in the options: A. Check for responsiveness and breathing.

Other Options:

Here's why the other options are not the first priority:

- Administer shock:

This outdated practice has no place in modern first aid for unconscious victims and can be harmful.

Determine unresponsiveness: This step is already implied in checking for responsiveness and breathing.

- Administer oxygen:

While providing oxygen might be necessary later, ensuring the airway is clear and breathing function is present is more immediate.

- Give cardiac massage:

This is only necessary if the person is not breathing and has no pulse, which should be assessed after checking for responsiveness and breathing.

Correct First Management:

Therefore, the correct first management of an unconscious victim is:

- Check for responsiveness:

Gently shake the person and ask loudly if they are okay.

- Check for breathing:

Look, listen, and feel for chest movement and air exchange.

- Call for help:

If the person is unresponsive or not breathing normally, call emergency services immediately.

- Start CPR:

If the person is not breathing, begin chest compressions and rescue breaths if you are trained to do so.

Remember:

the primary goal is to ensure the person's basic life functions (breathing and circulation) are restored or maintained while waiting for professional medical assistance.

A 15-year-old primigravid client at approximately 16 weeks’ gestation is being seen in the prenatal clinic with her mother.

The client tells the nurse that she has been experiencing an occasional sharp pain from the fundus to her pubic bone on the left side.
The nurse determines that the client is most likely experiencing which of the following?

a- Appendicitis.
b- Preterm labor.
c- Round ligament pain.
d- Fetal movement.

The most likely answer for the client's pain is: c- Round ligament pain.

Here's why:

- Appendicitis:

While appendicitis can cause pain in the lower right abdomen, it's not typically described as sharp pain radiating from the fundus to the pubic bone. Additionally, at 16 weeks pregnant, the appendix is usually displaced upwards by the growing uterus, making appendicitis less likely.

- Preterm labor:

Preterm labor can cause crampy pains in the lower abdomen, but they usually involve more than just one side and are often accompanied by other symptoms like backache, vaginal discharge, or cervical changes.

- Fetal movement:

While fetal movement can sometimes be felt as sharp jabs or kicks, it's not typically described as radiating from the fundus to the pubic bone. Additionally, at 16 weeks, fetal movements are usually still quite subtle.

- Round ligament pain:

This is the most likely explanation for the client's symptoms. Round ligaments are bands of tissue that support the uterus and as the uterus grows, these ligaments can stretch and cause sharp, stabbing pains on one or both sides. The pain is often described as feeling like a "lightning bolt" and can be aggravated by certain movements like coughing, sneezing, or rolling over in bed.

Therefore, based on the client's description and the timing of her pregnancy, round ligament pain is the most likely explanation for her symptoms.

Diphtheria vaccine is being given during infancy and repeated:

A. Booster dose at age 6
B. Every after 5 years
C. Every after 10 years .
D. No booster is recommended

Childhood immunization schedules:

Yes, the diphtheria vaccine is typically administered during infancy as part of routine childhood immunization schedules. It is commonly given in combination with other vaccines, such as tetanus and pertussis (whooping cough), in a vaccine known as the DTaP vaccine.

protection against the bacterial infection:

The diphtheria vaccine is given as a series of doses to ensure adequate protection against the bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The primary series usually consists of three doses given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Additional booster doses are given at approximately 15-18 months and between 4-6 years of age.

immunity against the toxins:

The diphtheria vaccine provides immunity against the toxins produced by the diphtheria bacteria, which can cause severe respiratory and systemic illness. By vaccinating infants and providing booster doses during childhood, the goal is to establish and maintain immunity to protect against diphtheria throughout life.

vaccination schedule:

It's important to follow the recommended vaccination schedule and consult with healthcare professionals to ensure timely and appropriate administration of vaccines. Vaccination not only protects individuals but also contributes to community immunity, reducing the overall spread of vaccine-preventable diseases.

digitalis is given:

a. with meals
b. before meals
c. 3 hours after meals
d. bedtime.

What is digitalis?

Digitalis is a medication derived from the foxglove plant (Digitalis purpurea) that is used to treat certain heart conditions, such as atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure.

Medication components::

The active ingredients in digitalis are a group of chemicals called cardiac glycosides, which have the ability to increase the strength and efficiency of the heart's contractions.

Uses:

Digitalis works by slowing down the heart rate and increasing the force of the heart's contractions, allowing the heart to pump more blood with each beat.

side effects:

However, digitalis can be toxic in high doses, and patients taking the medication require careful monitoring by a healthcare professional to ensure that the dose is appropriate and that any side effects are identified and managed.

when the bag of water ruptures , the nurse should watch for which of the following:

A. cord prolapse
B. bleeding
C. fetal death
D. fetal distress
E. respiratory distress

diet in cirrhosis of liver without ascitis and swelling:

a. low protein with multivitamins
b. high protein with vitamins B supplement
c. high protein with sodium restriction
d. high protein with diet .

What foods should a person with cirrhosis of the liver avoid?

You should avoid eating raw or undercooked shellfish, fish, and meat. Bacteria or viruses from these foods may cause severe infections in people with cirrhosis. Your doctor may recommend limiting salt in your diet and limiting your intake of fats or protein.

Can you have cirrhosis without ascites?

Hepatic hydrothorax is a rare complication in patients with decompensated liver disease and may be the initial presentation of cirrhosis. It can also occur in the absence of ascites, leading to a diagnostic dilemma. Like ascites, management of HH involves strict fluid and sodium restriction and diuretics.

What diet should be implemented for a cirrhotic with ascites and edema?

Cirrhotic patients are almost always on a low-sodium diet if they have decompensated disease with ascites. It is important that patients be educated regarding a low-sodium diet, especially patients with poorly responsive ascites. In addition, cirrhotic patients need adequate protein intake to prevent muscle wasting.

What is the best diet for cirrhosis of the liver?

When on a liver cirrhosis diet, eat plenty of nutrient-dense, minimally processed ingredients like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. Meanwhile, limit alcohol, processed foods, and ingredients high in sodium and unhealthy fats.

in the internal environment , fluids make up what percent of body weight:

a. 10 %
b. 20 %
c. 30 %
d. 70 %