Showing posts with label Genetic Engineering. Show all posts

Production of new animal breeds in the form of gene therapy (Transgenesis).. Re-implantation of the genetically engineered fertilized cell again in an appropriate and appropriate animal

Production of new animal breeds in the form of gene therapy:

Genetically engineering new animal breeds through transgenesis and reimplantation is a complex and sensitive topic with ethical considerations and potential risks. While it holds some promise for addressing specific challenges in animal agriculture or conservation, it's crucial to approach it with caution and thorough research.

Here are some key points to consider:

Ethical concerns:

- Animal welfare:

The process of transgenesis and reimplantation can be invasive and potentially harmful to animals involved. Ensuring their well-being throughout the process is paramount.

- Unforeseen consequences:

Modifying animal genomes can have unintended consequences, affecting their health, behavior, and even the environment. Thorough risk assessment and long-term monitoring are essential.

- Naturalness and biodiversity:

Introducing genetically engineered animals into existing populations can disrupt natural ecosystems and genetic diversity. Careful consideration of potential impacts is crucial.

Scientific challenges:

- Technical complexity:

Transgenesis and reimplantation are complex and imprecise techniques. Achieving desired outcomes consistently can be challenging.

- Long-term effects:

The long-term effects of genetic modifications on animal health, behavior, and offspring are not fully understood. Extensive research and monitoring are required.

Potential applications:

- Disease resistance:

Engineering animals with resistance to specific diseases could benefit both animal welfare and food security.

- Improved productivity:

Modifying traits related to growth, milk production, or wool quality could have economic benefits for farmers.

- Conservation efforts:

Genetically modifying endangered species to address specific threats could contribute to their conservation.

Responsible approach:

- Open and transparent dialogue:

Public engagement and informed discussions are crucial before considering widespread application of this technology.

- Rigorous regulatory frameworks:

Strong regulations and oversight are needed to ensure the ethical and responsible development and use of genetically modified animals.

- Alternatives:

Exploring alternative solutions to address challenges in animal agriculture and conservation should be prioritized whenever possible.

Remember:

gene editing animal breeds is a powerful tool with both potential benefits and risks. It's crucial to approach it with caution, prioritize ethical considerations, and engage in open and transparent dialogue to ensure responsible development and application.

Marine biotechnology methods.. Cultivation of cells and tissues. Reproduction flour and fermentation. Gene control. Reproduction of genetic material. Produce strains of economic value by modifying genetic traits

Marine biotechnology techniques are divided into two types:

1- Traditional biotechnology:

The technique uses non-molecular methods and includes a wide range of processes such as cell and tissue culture, micropropagation and fermentation.

This technique is responsible for many of the improvements seen in scientific research on marine organisms.

2- Modern biotechnology:

This technique uses molecular methods, ie direct methods of dealing with the genetic material of the DNA molecule.

It includes a range of processes, such as genetic manipulation and recombinant DNA.

These modern methods have opened the way to producing economically valuable breeds by altering genetic traits by altering or transferring genes to another organism, thereby generating genetic mutations, known as genetic engineering.

Fields of Genetic Engineering.. Forensic Medicine. Human Medicine. Plant genetic engineering. Animals. Military. Environmental issues. The fossil

Areas of Genetic Engineering:
1- Genetic engineering and forensic medicine.
2. Genetic engineering and human medicine.
3. Plant genetic engineering.
4. Animal genetic engineering.
5. Military genetic engineering.
6. Environmental genetic engineering.
7. Genetic engineering of fossils.

Genetic Engineering Risks.. Genocide War. Genetic Piracy. Biosecurity of genetically engineered products

Genetic engineering risks:
Genocide.
B- Imperialism and genetic piracy.
C) Biosecurity of genetically engineered products.

Technological revolutions .. Microelectronics, laser, fiber optics, space technology, pharmaceutical industry, micro-chemicals, biotechnology and genetic engineering

It has been customary among many observers of science from a historical perspective that there are three technical revolutions. It began with the age of mechanization. It passed through the automatic age. It moved to the era of high technology or super-technology, which is the time we live in the last three decades. The twentieth century, which can be called - metaphorically - the third technical revolution, since it is difficult to draw a boundary between the technical revolutions; technical progress has taken a gradual form of upgrading from level to level better ..
If the first industrial revolution provided the human and mental abilities represented in the cranes and machinery, and if the second industrial revolution had exempted him from doing the repetitive routine work, the third industrial revolution is the serious revolution that will impose sovereignty: economic .. military .. political countries that monopolize their data And its components. This revolution has also introduced a new and increasingly important dimension, namely the newly created value, such as the production of silicon chips from silicon sand and the subsequent means of communication, information and robotism. This technological revolution also imposed the characteristics of the new world order. There is no place in the international markets for countries that ignore the dangerous role played by technological change in economic and social development. It can be said that there are meanings and conclusions of what is expected to happen to countries that lag behind and emerge from the race track and compete On the possession of science and technology - which are tools of the age - and provide all the pillars and possibilities and possibilities for it. In fact, new features are emerging to classify countries on the basis of their technical ability, starting with the countries of the first world or the world of creators and pioneers, and the transition to the second world or the world of pursuers and imitators, and down to the Third World or the developing world ..
We live in the age of the Third Technical Revolution. The era that we do not know how many contracts will take, because scientific events are going at an amazing speed and their effects are hardly realized by imagination. The era in which the achievements of one decade increase the quality, quantity and value of the achievements of thousands of years experienced by man before, and integrates with this statement is also said: Scientists who are engaged in science and scientific research and technological development at the present time more than all those who gave birth to all previous civilizations And until the seventies of this century, and they spend money and use of the possibilities is diminishing next to him all the money spent by the money and used by the possibilities before the seventies ..
The third technical revolution is in a number of new and used scientific and technical fields, in which intensive efforts are being made in the centers of international discrimination of developed industrial countries because of the important practical tests they entail and the technical applications that are expected to follow. At the forefront of these sciences are communications and information sciences, which include microelectronics, laser, fiber optics, space technology, then new materials, then pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals, and finally biotechnology and genetic engineering.

Genetic engineering revolution .. Biological signs based on the revolution of biotechnology and genetic engineering to control the genetic characteristics of living organisms

What we are witnessing is biological signs that depend on the revolution of biotechnology and genetic engineering, which science fiction can not conceive of, or imagine, its impact on human civilization, health, agriculture, industry, and all aspects of life on earth. For the first time in history, scientists have succeeded in controlling life, genes, and thus controlling the genetic characteristics of organisms.

Genetic engineering revolution .. Biological signs based on the revolution of biotechnology and genetic engineering to control the genetic characteristics of living organisms

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineeringm.. Modification and technical improvement of living organisms and the application of scientific and engineering principles to the biomass industry

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineeringm:
Biotechnology can be described as the modification and technical improvement of living organisms, or the application of scientific and engineering principles to the manufacture of substances with vital media such as microorganisms, animal, plant or enzyme cells to provide goods and services that include agricultural, animal, microbial and fish products, food processing and preparations Medical. The scientific basis of biotechnology includes several scientific branches, most notably molecular and cellular biology, biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, botany, zoology, immunology, chemical engineering, process engineering, computer and data processing. They range from processes that have ancient histories such as fermentation (traditional biotechnology) to genetic engineering (molecular biotechnology), that is, the ability to isolate a gene from an organism and transfer it to another organism, thus creating genetically modified plants and animals that "have the desired characteristics".
Genetic engineering is a powerful tool with great hopes for medicine, agriculture, industry, food security and the environment. Since the mid-1970s, research has advanced considerably to the extent that the talk about the "genetic engineering revolution" has emerged, yet it raises many sensitive issues: moral, legal and social, as well as issues related to its vital safety.

The foundations of genetic engineering .. Description of the double helical structure of the reduced ribosome DNA molecule and study the molecular basis of genetic diversity

Two of the more than five billion women, men and children living on Earth are the same, and the same applies to plants, animals and microorganisms. The infinite biological diversity found in all living organisms - or, more precisely, genetic stock - is the cornerstone of genetic engineering. The rediscovery of the laws of Grego Johan Mendel earlier this century helped to increase understanding of the root of genetic diversity . The main phenomena in this process are separation and change and then gene reassembling, and these three processes together generate opportunities for massive genetic diversity in living organisms. In the past more than 10,000 years ago, the existence of genetic diversity has enabled humans to choose plants such as wheat, barley and rice from wild plants to grow. This was followed by an improvement of these crops by selection from naturally produced diversity. Since the beginning of this century, planned hybridization techniques have been used, followed by the introduction of genetic and biological changes in order to create new structures. Hybridization has also become a way to increase the growth of crops and animals, a phenomenon known as hybridization.
It was the identification of the genes for a type of semi-dwarf wheat plant in Japan and rice in China in the 1940s that provided raw materials for the green revolution seen in these two crops in Asia in the late 1960s. Thus, biodiversity has become the basis for the continued improvement of plants, animals and microorganisms of interest to agriculture, industry and medicine.
James Watson and Francis Crick have opened the field of genetic engineering for 40 years when describing the double helical structure of the DNA molecule. Since then, attention has shifted to the study of the molecular basis of genetic diversity, and to the unification of methods that can help to form new genetic groups through genetic manipulation, recombinant DNA techniques and cloning. These technologies have opened up a new world of genetic engineering that leads to the production of genetically modified organisms, that is, containing a DNA material that has been artificially introduced into it from another organism not associated with it.

Origin and Evolution of Genetic Engineering Discover the secrets of genetic material, identification enzymes and genetic code secrets. The nitrogen bases are followed in words and sentences that store genetic information

Genetic engineering came as a natural result of two scientific revolutions: the discovery of the secrets of DNA and the discovery of restriction enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites. The first revolution began when the scientists discovered that the DNA is the genetic material, and then discovered its chemical composition (two strips of sugar and phosphate and the four nitrogen bases, namely: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thiamine), and these tapes take the form of snails, and there are certain points in these two tapes meet And each bar carries the complete information necessary to control the building of the proteins needed to guide vital information, whose total interaction ultimately leads to the formation of the living organism and its various biological functions. It was followed by the discovery of the secrets of the genetic code (which follows the nitrogen bases in words and sentences that store genetic information in a preserved archive responsible for the life of the living organism from germination to death, and genes) and decode them. Thus he was able to read and recognize the code of each gene, then synthesize it, get it from DNA extraction from any living organism, or even viruses, and then perform genetic surgery by rearranging it in blades.

Genetic Engineering and Forensics .. Differences in genetic code sequence in the intron region. Sequence of nitrogen, adenosine, guanine, cytosine and thiamine bases

The genes that transmit the genetic message from one generation to the next, directing the activity of each cell is a giant molecule that is like a high-strung string called DNA. This genetic message contains all the genetic traits from the color of the eyes to the most accurate structures in the body. The genes in human cells are composed of 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell. The chromosomes are composed of DNA and proteins. These proteins play an important role in maintaining the structure of the genetic material and regulate the activity of gene expression that leads to the detection and formation of the entire individual of the zygote cell. Some genes are found in the mitochondria, and is inherited through the mother. The genetic information of any cell of the genetic code is the sequencing of the four nitrogen bases given by God to life: adenine A, guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thiamine (T), the genetic material in the form of words and sentences that store information Genetic preservation in a protected panel is responsible for the individual's life.
Jeffers at the University of Leicester in the United Kingdom recently discovered differences in the sequence of genetic code in the Intron region, represented by length and location. These differences were found to be unique to each person, just like a fingerprint - so called the gene imprint - except for a rare type of identical twin that results from the split of a single fertilized egg (MZT). By calculating the percentage of discrimination between people using gene imprints, it is estimated that this figure is about 1: 300 million. Of the 300 million people, only one person has the same gene imprint. It has also been found that gene imprints are inherited according to Mendelian laws.

Definition of gene fingerprint.. Differences in the genetic makeup of the intron region by geographical patterns of genes in the peoples of the world

The gene imprint is a variation in the genetic makeup of the intron region. Each individual is unique and inheritable. In other words, the child gets half of these differences from the mother and the other half of the father to be a new genetic mix that combines the characteristics of the parents with the characteristics of a large ancestral inheritance. It has also been found that the gene fingerprint varies according to the geographical patterns of genes in the peoples of the world. For example, Asians (yellow or Mughal) differ from Africans.

Set the gene fingerprint .. A sample of blood in the case of paternity test. Sample of sperm in the case of rape. A piece of skin under the nails or bristles of the body rooted in the case of death after resisting the aggressor

All that is required to assign a gene fingerprint is a small sample of tissue that can extract DNA from the ribosome DNA. For example:
* A sample of blood in the case of proof of paternity.
* Specimen of sperm in case of rape.
* A piece of skin under the nails or bristles of the body rooted in the case of death after resisting the aggressor.
* Frozen or dry sperm or blood at the scene of the crime.
* Sample saliva.
In 1997, Roland Van and Maxwell Jones isolated the genetic material from objects that were touched, such as keys, telephone and cups. After extracting the genetic material, they were cut by the restriction enzymes, then separated by Electrophoresis and transferred to a nylon membrane, Then using a special pathway .. Probes The gene fingerprint is set on a ray film.

Gene fingerprint as criminal evidence.. Issues of proof of filiation, rape, robbery and identification of victims of disasters

Although a short time has passed since the discovery of the gene fingerprint, it has been able to make a rapid shift from academic research to applied science that is used around the world, especially in cases where traditional forensic methods have been unable to find a solution such as: Robbery, and identification of disaster victims.
Since the gene success rate is about 96%, it has encouraged developed countries like America and Britain to use it as a criminal evidence. There is even a trend to preserve the gene fingerprint of citizens with the fingerprint of legal bodies. Many cases have been resolved based on the use of gene fingerprinting as a criminal evidence.
In such cases, the judges are usually based on scientific studies suggesting that the probability of a similarity between the genetic footprint of an innocent person and the genetic fingerprint obtained from the crime scene is one in every 300 million. As a result, the similarity is criminalization, so what should be done by Juries are an attempt to determine whether a person is innocent taking into account the similarity of the genetic fingerprint, which has been proven by forensic reports.

Genetic Engineering and Human Medicine .. Exceed existing genotypes to better genetic structures with a view to correcting a defect or defect in the genetic material or improving the general characteristics of individuals by rephrasing the genetic map

Human genetic engineering is one of the practical branches of genetics. It is a great technical revolution aimed at adding new genes to the organism that have not existed before, until the genetic structures have gone into better genetic structures in order to repair defects or defects in genetic material Of individuals by rephrasing the genetic map.
Human genetic engineering has raised scientists' perceptions and expectations about the universe and mankind over the next millennium. The famous physicist Stephen Hawking - one of the most important scientists of the present century - predicted that scientists would soon be able to solve the most important mysteries of the universe, and predicted that genetic engineering would quickly change the shape, specifications and abilities of the human race!
Hawking said in a White House lecture: "Most of the sci-fi work that has emerged over the course of this century has assumed that man will remain unchanged, as science develops to new levels, but I can not believe some of these works that depict man after 400 A year as it is now, and Hawking announced his belief that the human race and its genetic traits will become increasingly complicated than our imaginations! He said: "Genetic engineering is the bridge through which human beings rise and develop in human qualities, which is required so that man can pursue the scientific and technological progress that he achieves. Hawking justified the reasons for this change by saying: The human race needs to improve its mental and physical qualities, so that it can deal with an increasingly complex world around it and face new conditions such as space travel, and human beings need to develop their biological systems so that they can cope with electronic systems. .
On the other hand, contrary to Hawking's predictions that the future man would become a "super" creature, other scientists in Scotland warned that the next person would be obese and bald because of absolute luxury and scientific progress that would make him do nothing but eat and watch television, "The Scottish anthropologist said that this depressing image of the future man or" potato man "is the result of the current people's desire to save time and effort, and that many people do not exercise. Scientists pointed out that humans tend to baldness and obesity and become beings with short skeletons and large bodies huge, which warns of serious health consequences. The scientists demanded that human beings change their current way of life, move away from this consumption pattern, and take care of the surrounding environment. Otherwise, the "potato man" is bound to come!
It is a genetic dream that is in the process of investigating the human genome project, that is, mapping human genes from 50,000 to 100,000 genes, which will require more than $ 3 billion. Access to genetic secrets is very similar to what happened in chemistry from the discovery of the periodic table of elements. This project will certainly increase our understanding of human behavior and genetic genes in health and disease, which helps in the design of genetic extension tests. The human genetic engineering revolution has already begun and has advanced its research and applications. Although much of the achievements of this revolution are still far in the imagination of scientists and their laboratories only, dealing with human genes need to be governed and interpreted and restricted if necessary.

Plant Genetic Engineering .. Reshape or format a cell or object using the genetic potential of other objects available to add attributes that did not exist before

Traditional plant breeding has been based on observation and follow-up of genetic differences within each clan, selection for many years or hybridization of similar plants for the purpose of obtaining distinct varieties in certain traits. Although these traditional methods produced high yielding varieties of wheat, rice and barley, they forced farmers to abandon a large number of local varieties and their wild relatives.
This genetic profiling in agriculture has eliminated the ability of traditional crops to adapt to different natural environments and different growth conditions. Humanity has lost about 75% of the genetic diversity of agricultural crops since the beginning of this century. The world is surrounded by vast untapped plant species. There are at least three hundred thousand high-value tropical fruits and favorites in Latin American countries, but they are quite unknown in North America, where the list of fruits is limited to the common fruits of citrus, vineyards and apples For example, in a small country such as Peru, less than Alaska, there are seven times as many plants in the United States as a huge botanical reservoir waiting to be nurtured and nurtured.
This is some of nature's hidden nature of undiscovered plant wealth, while the human diet now contains only a limited number of known plant species, where this loss of diversity or so-called genetic resources is a global threat to agriculture.
With the rapid and rapid development in various modern scientific fields, it was natural that the traditional concepts and methods used in the cultivation of various plants, such as crops, fruit, medicinal and aromatic plants, ornamental plants, returned to interest in the gardens of wild plants and ways of caring for them. Institutes and laboratories to produce new varieties of plants and seeds capable of multiplying production, while adapting to local environmental conditions, using genetic engineering. Genetic engineering directly or indirectly involves the deletion of sections and the addition of other sections; for the purpose of reshaping or shaping the cell or organism using the genetic potential of other organisms available to add qualities that previously did not exist. A new trend in modern genetics crystallized as a result of progress in several sciences such as: molecular genetics, biochemistry, biochemistry, plant, tissue culture and others. The task of this science is confined to the formulation of forms of innovative genetic systems, embodied in desirable organisms in application as well as scientific purposes.
Agriculture and the development of research is a global problem, the data of which is renewed every moment of our lives, and the tremendous human development is intensified. Some may seem to be only an economic problem, but after study we discover that it is a vital problem. , And all that is said about the transition to the era of industry or the information age was not to shed light on the plant that old friend of the old. Plant cultivation is much easier and cheaper than the cultivation of bacteria or yeast, as well as the cultivation of animal cells in view of the requirements of agriculture and production volume. It is interesting to say that a rye area of one hectare could contain 300 million roots, more than the diameter of the earth's orbit around the sun. Hence, it is not surprising that plant engineering has been genetically cultivated by scientists.

Animal genetic engineering .. Add genes for increased production and production of immunological, diagnostic and therapeutic preparations for animals and genetic programming for fish improvement

Biotechnology has evolved greatly from the beginning of human interaction with living organisms on the basis of scientific established by traditional methods until now reached the modern development, where the treatment of human living material with the most accurate in what is known as the vaccination of genes and transfer from one organism to another ..
The remarkable scientific achievements of the middle of the century are the discovery of the nature of the genetic material, as well as the discovery of the mechanisms of protein synthesis, the first building blocks in the development of biotechnology to reach its current concept. These discoveries resulted in a remarkable evolution in genetics, In many ways of dealing with basic science facts (plants, animals, etc.), as well as the development of research methods used in biotechnology in various fields, and finally the emergence of advanced biotechnology.
Biotechnology has evolved radically since the early 1970s and expanded and expanded to a degree that had a growing impact on the world's economies. Then came the revolution of enzymes, including polymerization enzymes, specialized cutting enzymes, reverse transcription enzymes and others. Which accelerated the circulation of genetic material in an integrated scheme to reach a certain goal. This development revolves around a unique cornerstone, that genetics can now put genetic material on the table of operations to become adapted to change in quantity and quality, so that it is deleted or added to it and rephrased to express itself in a new way, called genetic grafting. It is a contemporary trend in biology that has crystallized over the past few decades. Its task is to design innovative forms of curriculum, in other words controlling the qualities of you and how much more than all other methods such as selection, hybridization and fertilization.
The first was the first green revolution: the use of traditional means to improve the elements of animal production, and the second green revolution, which was based on careful handling of the living material in what is known as genetic engineering to add the genes for increasing production and production of lotions Immunological, diagnostic and therapeutic treatment of animals and genetic programming for fish improvement.

Military Genetic Engineering.. Biological warfare destroys living systems in the environment or mutagenic factors to cause very bad mutations in a given society to weaken and paralyze its renaissance

Human beings have lived through multiple scientific revolutions, and their relationship with these revolutions has varied from the extreme to the catastrophic. The applications of the atom are spread in many vital and necessary areas of man, but this has not prevented the destruction of humans by the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
Today, mankind is the most dangerous of these revolutions and the most important .. Revolution of "material of life" .. It is the revolution of "genetic engineering and gene research" and aims to engineer the genetic staff of living organisms directed to perform specific functions.
As a natural result of the importance of this science, the major countries have long been racing to learn the new in this science through the establishment of multiple research centers and companies of genetic systems, and even use the latest in computer technology in the analysis of genetic information and genetic systems. And observers of what is happening see the amazing progress that is going at a rapid rate in this technology. Whether in the useful or bad use of what is known as biological warfare, which has become a frightening scourge for mankind. Indeed, the field of biological warfare has been linked not only to advances in gene technology, but also in missile technology, because the biological head must be loaded on its target; The missiles, according to a specific plan, determine the extent of the missile. Also, these biological warheads, which may be biological bombs, spread as they destroy the living systems of the environment or mutagenic factors to cause very bad mutations in a particular society to weaken and paralyze its movement.
Therefore, the word conscience has a special meaning in this science, which makes man live a peaceful one that serves humanity and does not harm it.

Bacterial decomposition of dynamite .. Analysis of nitroglycerin "dynamite" to water and carbon dioxide gas

US scientists have produced a type of bacteria that has the ability to analyze nitroglycerin "dynamite" into water and carbon dioxide gas. This means that with the help of these bacteria it is possible to clean the warehouses and containers of explosive materials at a cost of 10: 100 times than the traditional methods currently used.

Bacteria eat explosives. Analysis of TNT and TNT by breaking down the compound nitrogen in the material molecule and converting it into natural soil fertilization

A team of researchers at the University of Berlin has succeeded in developing a strain of bacteria whose talent is to devour explosives. These bacteria analyze TNT and TND by breaking down the compound nitrogen in the material molecule. The resulting nitrogen turns into a natural fertilizer for soil, This type of bacteria will remove 70% of the residue of the explosive material contaminated with the soil.