Showing posts with label Radiology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Radiology. Show all posts

MRI picture of 4thvenricle mass in relatively old age patient.. Ependymoma

MRI picture of 4thvenricle mass in relatively old age patient:

  • A- Ependymoma.
  • B- Meningioma.
  • C- Brain stemGlioma.

analyze the general characteristics:

While diagnosing from an MRI image alone is not possible and requires a complete medical evaluation, we can analyze the general characteristics of the three tumor types in relation to a fourth ventricle mass in an older patient to provide some insights:

A. Ependymoma:

  • Less likely. While ependymomas can occur in the fourth ventricle, they are more common in children and young adults.
  • If present, ependymomas in the fourth ventricle might appear as well-defined, oval-shaped masses with cystic components or calcifications.

B. Meningioma:

  • More likely. Meningiomas are more common in older adults, especially women, and can occur anywhere on the brain, including the fourth ventricle.
  • Signs suggestive of meningioma in the fourth ventricle might include a well-defined, lobulated mass with attachment to the meninges, often near the choroid plexus.

C. Brainstem Glioma:

  • Less likely. Brainstem gliomas are rare and are usually diffuse rather than forming a distinct mass. They primarily affect younger individuals.

Therefore, based on the information provided, considering the patient's age and location of the mass, B. Meningioma appears as the most likely option among the three.

However, it's important to reiterate that this is purely an educated guess based on limited information. A definitive diagnosis cannot be made without a complete medical evaluation by a qualified healthcare professional. This should include a comprehensive medical history, neurological examination, and further imaging studies like CT scan, PET scan, or biopsy if necessary.

(mcq) The most common pattern of oesophageal atresia is associated with (tricky one).. Xray chest and abdomen can be normal

(mcq) The most common pattern of oesophageal atresia is associated with (tricky one):
  • A- Contrast study showing fistula between trachea and upper esophagus.
  • B- Gaseless abdomen.
  • C- Trachea is non aerated due to congenital canalization defect.
  • D- Lower lobe pneumonia is commonly found (According to Danhert, upper lobe pneumonia).
  • E- Xray chest and abdomen can be normal.

The most common pattern of esophageal atresia is indeed associated with E. X-ray chest and abdomen can be normal.

While other options might be present in some cases, normality on X-ray is the most characteristic and challenging aspect of the most common type of esophageal atresia.
Here's why the other options are less accurate:

A. Contrast study showing fistula between trachea and upper esophagus:

This describes a specific type of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), but it's not the most common pattern.

B. Gaseless abdomen:

While a gaseless abdomen can be seen in some cases, it's not always present and isn't specific to the most common type.

C. Trachea is non-aerated due to congenital canalization defect:

This is a rare condition, not associated with the most common pattern of esophageal atresia.

D. Lower lobe pneumonia is commonly found (According to Danhert, upper lobe pneumonia):

This can occur in some cases due to aspiration, but it's not the most specific finding and may not be present in all cases.

Therefore, the ability of the most common pattern of esophageal atresia to present with normal X-ray findings makes it the most tricky and important aspect to remember. This normal appearance can lead to delays in diagnosis, highlighting the importance of considering other clinical signs and symptoms.

(image) Picture of selective renal arteriogram for accessory renal artery to lower pole, how we used the contrast

(image) Picture of selective renal arteriogram for accessory renal artery to lower pole, how we used the contrast:

  • A- 1-3 ml at 1 ml / second. (true)
  • B- 5-10ml at 2-3ml / second.
Unfortunately, I don't have access to images, so I can't directly analyze the picture of the selective renal arteriogram for the accessory renal artery to the lower pole. However, based on the information you provided, I can offer some insights into the contrast used:

1. Option A (1-3 ml at 1 ml/second) is more likely to be accurate in this scenario.

Here's why:

- Selective renal arteriogram:

This procedure focuses on visualizing a specific artery, usually the renal artery supplying a particular portion of the kidney. Using a smaller volume of contrast (1-3 ml) is common in selective procedures compared to non-selective angiography where larger volumes are used to visualize the entire arterial system.

- Lower pole:

Supplying the lower pole of the kidney typically requires a smaller amount of contrast compared to the upper or middle poles due to the generally smaller size of the lower pole vasculature.

- Injection rate:

1 ml/second is an appropriate injection rate for selective renal angiography. Faster injection rates can lead to artifacts or miss visualization of smaller vessels.

Therefore, using 1-3 ml of contrast at a rate of 1 ml/second aligns well with the principles of selective renal angiography for the lower pole.

2. Option B (5-10 ml at 2-3 ml/second) is less likely to be suitable for this scenario.


While not completely impossible, using 5-10 ml of contrast at a faster rate (2-3 ml/second) for a selective lower pole arteriogram is less common for several reasons:

- Higher risk of contrast overload:

Increased contrast volume and faster injection rate can increase the risk of nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) and other complications.

- Potential for obscuring detail:

Injecting a larger volume too quickly can make it harder to visualize the smaller vessels of the lower pole due to the rapid flow and dilution of the contrast.

However, it's important to note that the optimal contrast volume and injection rate can vary depending on several factors like the specific anatomy of the patient, the size of the accessory artery, and the technical considerations of the equipment used.

Ultimately, the best way to determine the exact contrast used in your image is to consult with the radiologist or physician who performed the procedure. They can provide specific details based on the individual case and angiographic findings.

abdominal examination in the emergency works.. the patient lying on the left side

abdominal examination in the emergency works:

  • A- without the preparation of the patient
  • B- examination, the patient is lying down.
  • C- the patient lying on the left side
  • D- all the answers correct.

While some elements of each option are true, the most accurate answer is: D. All the answers are correct.

Here's why:

- Preparation of the patient:

While ideally, the patient would be prepared for an abdominal examination (removing clothing, emptying bladder), an emergency situation might necessitate examination without full preparation.

- Patient lying down:

This is the most common and optimal position for an abdominal exam in both emergency and non-emergency settings.

- Patient lying on the left side:

This position can be helpful for visualizing certain structures like the kidneys and spleen, especially in the context of suspected fluid collections or masses.

Therefore, in an emergency setting, an abdominal examination may need to be performed without full preparation, with the patient lying down initially, and potentially employing other positions like lying on the left side to aid in diagnosis.

It's important to remember that the specific approach to an abdominal examination in the emergency setting will depend on the patient's individual situation and the suspected underlying condition.

ray Center in the situation back to the front shoulder joint is.. head of the humerus bone

ray Center in the situation back to the front shoulder joint is:

  • A- mid-scapula.
  • B- head of the humerus bone.
  • C- Extrusion ghurabi.
  • D- articulation between the clavicle, extrusion Alakharmi.

Out of the provided options, the most likely "ray center" in the situation of bringing the shoulder joint from back to front is: B. Head of the humerus bone

Here's why:

- Location:

The head of the humerus bone sits within the glenoid cavity of the scapula, forming the ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder. As the arm moves from back to front, the humerus head rotates within the glenoid, acting as the central point of movement.

- Terminology:

While "ray center" isn't a standard anatomical term, it could be interpreted as the central point of rotation or movement. In this context, the humerus head best fits that description.

Other Options:

The other options are less likely for the following reasons:

A. Mid-scapula:

The scapula itself doesn't rotate around a fixed point during shoulder movement. While it plays a crucial role in stabilizing the joint, the center of motion lies at the humerus head.

C. Extrusion ghurabi and D. Articulation between the clavicle, extrusion Alakharmi:

These terms seem to be from a specific language or terminology system that I'm not familiar with. Without further context or understanding of those terms, it's difficult to assess their relevance to the "ray center" in this situation.

However, it's important to note that the definitive answer depends on the specific context and terminology used. If you could provide more information about the source of these terms or the context in which the "ray center" is mentioned, I might be able to give you a more precise answer.

For instance, if you're referring to a specific exercise or physical therapy technique, there might be specific terminology used within that context that defines "ray center" differently. The more details you can share, the better I can understand your question and provide a relevant and accurate response.

Which of the following medications is not associated with a survival benefit in systolic heart failure patients.. Digoxin

Which of the following medications is not associated with a survival benefit in systolic heart failure patients?

a- ACE inhibitor

b- Digoxin

c- Beta blockers

d- Aldosterone antagonists

e- Isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine

f- All of the above improve survival

Answer b:
ACE inhibitors and beta blockers are the mainstay treatment of heart failure with reduced EF (HF↓EF) since they improve morbidity and mortality.
Aldosterone antagonists improve survival in those with HF↓EF with NYHA functional class III/IV symptoms.
Isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine improves outcomes in HF↓EF, but traditionally has been thought to be inferior to ACE inhibitor.
However, recent data suggest the effect of these agents may be more potent in African-Americans.
While digoxin improves hospitalize.

A 2-day-old baby girl become cyanotic whilst feeding and crying. A diagnosis of congenital heart disease is suspected.. Transposition of the great arteries

A 2-day-old baby girl is noted to become cyanotic whilst feeding and crying.
A diagnosis of congenital heart disease is suspected.
What is the most likely cause?

A- Transposition of the great arteries***

B- Coarctation of the aorta

C- Patent ductus arteriosus

D- Tetralogy of Fallot

E- Ventricular septal defect.

Turner's syndrome is referred to cardiology as she has a murmur. On examination a soft ejection systolic murmur is heard.. Bicuspid aortic valve

An 18-year-old female who is known to have Turner's syndrome is referred to cardiology as she has a murmur.
On examination a soft ejection systolic murmur is heard.
What is the most likely cause of this finding?

A- Coarctation of the aorta

B- Ventricular septal defect

C- Pulmonary stenosis

D- Supravalvular aortic stenosis

E- Bicuspid aortic valve***

profile of the work situation of the articulation of the first paragraph cervical Alagafoi Center with the bone scan

profile of the work situation of the articulation of the first paragraph cervical Alagafoi Center with the bone scan?
1- slot external ear
2- under the external ear opening
3- the highest peak bone protrusion Alhelmi
4- Higher than 4 slot external ear.
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Bone scintigraphy:
A bone scan helps detect cancer that has been generated or spread in the bones. It can also help control how bone cancer treatment is working.

How does a bone scan work?
A bone scan is a nuclear medicine test. This means that the procedure uses a very small amount of a radioactive substance, called a marker. The marker is injected into a vein. It shows possible cancer in areas where the body has absorbed too much marker or too little.
Most of the time, during this test, the entire body is scanned. The results may show bone damage that may be a consequence of cancer. If the scan shows bone damage, more tests may be needed. These tests may include 2 other types of exams. One is a computed tomography (computed tomography, CT; in English) and the other is a positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET-CT; in English). Additional tests may also include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or a biopsy.

Who performs my bone scan?
The test is performed by a nuclear medicine technician who is specially trained and certified. A nuclear medicine specialist is a doctor who uses markers to diagnose and treat diseases. A radiologist or a nuclear medicine specialist supervises the technician. A radiologist is a doctor who uses imaging tests to diagnose diseases. The results of the scan are interpreted by the radiologist or by the doctor specializing in nuclear medicine.

Bone scans can be done in the following places:
- The radiology or nuclear medicine department of a hospital
- An ambulatory imaging center

How to prepare for a bone scan:
Usually, you don't need a special preparation before a bone scan. For example, you can eat and drink regularly before the appointment. However, tell your health care team about all the medications you take. Medicines that contain barium or bismuth can affect the test results. Your doctor may advise you not to take them before the scan.
Also mention if you have allergies to drugs or other medical conditions. Women should inform their health care team if they are breastfeeding or if they may be pregnant.
You should also consult your insurance provider before scintigraphy. Find out what part of the cost of the test will be covered and how much you will have to pay.
Once you arrive for the scan, you will be asked to sign a consent form. It states that you understand the risks of bone scan and that you agree to have the test. Talk to your health care team about any concerns you have regarding the test.
Before the test, metal objects, such as jewelry, will be removed. You may also need to change your clothes for a hospital gown.

During bone scan:
First, a marker will be injected into the body through a vein in the arm. It is possible for the injection to prick a little. But you won't feel the marker move along the body. The bones take between 1 and 4 hours to absorb the marker.
While you wait, you will drink several glasses of water. Frequent urination will remove radioactive material that has not been absorbed by the bones. The amount of radioactivity present in your body does not pose a risk to people close to you. It is less than the amount of a normal radiograph.
Next, you should lie on your back on a stretcher. The technician will place a large scanning camera over your body. You must remain still to prevent blurry images.
During the scan, the camera will move slowly around the body. Take pictures of the marker in your bones. The technician may ask you to change position during the procedure. This helps to obtain images from different angles.
A scan of the entire body can take approximately one hour. The scan does not hurt. However, you may feel uncomfortable lying down without moving.

After bone scan:
After the scan, you can return to your usual activities. This includes driving.
You should not feel any side effects of the marker or the test itself. However, your doctor may tell you to drink plenty of water for the next 1 to 2 days. This will eliminate any remaining marker that may have remained on the body. Generally, all radioactive material leaves after 2 days.
Call your healthcare team immediately if you have pain, redness or swelling around the injection site in your arm.

Questions to ask your health care team:
Consider asking these questions before having a bone scan:
- Who will perform the bone scan?
- Is the radiologist or the nuclear medicine specialist registered?
- Is the center accredited by the American College of Radiology (in English) to perform bone scans?
- What will happen during bone scan?
- How long will the scan last?
- What are the risks and benefits of having a bone scan?
- How accurately can a bone scan detect cancer?
- When and how will I know the results?
- Who will explain the results?
- What other tests should I have if the bone scan detects signs of cancer?

Aeksehu square law.. -ray intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance

Aeksehu square law?
1- match the intensity of radiation directly proportional to the square of the distance
2- X-ray intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
3- commensurate force directly proportional to the square of the X-ray distance
4- X-ray power is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.
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Today we discuss a topic that our follower forgot us in a comment he made on YouTube in the video of another vlog.
We don't get tired of saying it, your suggestions are always interesting and they help us a lot, so if there is any topic you want us to talk about, don't stop telling us.
Let's go with the subject.
Today we talk about the law of the inverse of the square or the law of the inverse square of distance, which has a somewhat long name, but it is very easy to understand and its knowledge will help us to master and better understand lighting.
This law refers to those undulating physical phenomena, such as light and sound, whose intensity decreases inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the center where it originates.

How can I apply this in photography?
Well, in many ways, although we are going to talk about the most common: about flash lighting.
- The law tells us that when we want to take a flash photo of a person who is located half a meter away from the flash, the light will come with an intensity A.
- But if we include another person in the frame, located half a meter from the first person, that is to say one meter from the flash, the light that would arrive would do so with an intensity four times lower, not with half the intensity as we might think by boat soon.
- That is, the first person would be perfectly illuminated and the second person perfectly ... in the shade.
Whenever we illuminate artificially, we must take this into account, because ignorance of this peculiarity of light can ruin many photos and the solution is not in the camera, but where we place it.

We can draw several conclusions:
- If you have to take pictures of groups of people and only have the camera flash, keep in mind that the distance between the camera and the first person in the group must be greater than the distance between the two people furthest from the group, taking as reference the flash.
- The same principle serves to illuminate people before a background.
- If we take pictures of a single person, we must bear in mind that if the flash is on the camera, the head will receive much more light than the rest of the body.
One solution may be to work with the camera's off-center flash (in the case of wanting hard light) or bounce the flash light, thus matching distance relationships and softening the light.
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