Showing posts with label Pedodontics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Pedodontics. Show all posts

Protecting Your Child's Smile: Preventing Interproximal Caries in Primary Teeth

Interproximal Caries in Primary Teeth:

Interproximal caries are cavities that develop between adjacent primary teeth. They can be difficult to detect, as they often do not cause noticeable symptoms until they become more advanced.

Causes:

  • Poor Oral Hygiene: Inadequate brushing and flossing can allow food particles and bacteria to accumulate between teeth, leading to plaque buildup and tooth decay.
  • Sugar Intake: A diet high in sugary foods and drinks can increase the risk of caries.
  • Saliva Composition: Saliva plays a crucial role in protecting teeth from decay. If a child has reduced saliva flow or saliva with low mineral content, they may be at a higher risk for caries.
  • Fluoride Deficiency: Fluoride helps to strengthen tooth enamel and make it more resistant to decay. If a child is not getting enough fluoride from their drinking water or other sources, they may be at a higher risk for caries.

Symptoms:

In the early stages, interproximal caries may not cause any noticeable symptoms. However, as the decay progresses, it can lead to:
  • Tooth sensitivity: The affected tooth may become sensitive to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks.
  • Discoloration: The area of the tooth affected by decay may appear dark or discolored.
  • Bad breath: Decaying teeth can produce a foul odor.
  • Pain: As the cavity becomes larger, it can cause pain or discomfort.

Prevention:

  • Good Oral Hygiene: Teach your child to brush their teeth twice a day with fluoride toothpaste and floss daily.
  • Healthy Diet: Limit sugary foods and drinks and encourage your child to eat a balanced diet.
  • Fluoride: Ensure your child is getting enough fluoride from their drinking water or fluoride supplements.
  • Regular Dental Checkups: Schedule regular dental checkups for your child to monitor their oral health and detect caries early.
  • Dental Sealants: Dental sealants can be applied to the chewing surfaces of primary teeth to help prevent cavities.

Treatment:

If interproximal caries are detected, your dentist may recommend one or more of the following treatments:
  • Fillings: Small cavities can often be treated with fillings.
  • Crown: Larger cavities may require a crown to restore the tooth.
  • Pulpotomy: In some cases, the infected pulp within the tooth may need to be removed.
  • Extraction: If the tooth is severely damaged or cannot be saved, it may need to be extracted.
Early detection and treatment of interproximal caries are essential for preventing more serious dental problems. By following these preventive measures and scheduling regular dental checkups, you can help your child maintain healthy teeth and gums.

Space loose occur in.. Early extraction. Ankylosis. Proximal caries

Space loose occur in:

  • A. Proximal caries.
  • B. Early extraction.
  • C. Ankylosis.
  • D. All of the above.

The most likely answer is D. All of the above. Here's why:

- Proximal caries:

Caries that develop between teeth can destroy the tooth structure and create space between them.

- Early extraction:

Removing a tooth before its permanent successor is ready can lead to space loss as the surrounding teeth shift to fill the gap.

- Ankylosis:

This condition occurs when the root of a tooth fuses with the jawbone, preventing it from erupting properly and creating space loss.
Therefore, all of the options listed can contribute to space loss in the mouth.

Important Note:

However, it's important to note that:
  • The specific extent and location of space loss can vary depending on the cause and other factors.
  • Other conditions, such as trauma or periodontal disease, can also lead to space loss.
  • Diagnosis and treatment of space loss should always be done by a qualified dental professional.

What is the difference between a lateral radicular cyst and a lateral periodontal cyst

Lateral Radicular Cysts and Lateral Periodontal Cysts:

Both lateral radicular cysts and lateral periodontal cysts are types of jaw cysts, but they have some key differences in their origin, location, and clinical presentation. Here's a breakdown:

Lateral Radicular Cyst (LRC):

- Origin:

Develops from the remnants of epithelial cells left behind during tooth development within the root canal.

- Location:

Typically found at the apex (tip) of a non-vital (dead) tooth or on the lateral aspect of the root if a lateral canal is infected.

- Clinical presentation:

  • May be asymptomatic (no symptoms) or present with mild pain, swelling, or tooth sensitivity.
  • Radiographically appears as a rounded or oval radiolucency (dark area) at the apex of the tooth, often associated with root resorption.

- Treatment:

Usually requires removal of the affected tooth and the cyst sac, followed by root canal treatment or extraction depending on the severity.

Lateral Periodontal Cyst (LPC):

- Origin:

Considered to be a developmental cyst, arising from remnants of the dental lamina (a band of tissue that forms the tooth bud during development).

- Location:

Situated alongside the lateral surface of the root of a vital (healthy) tooth, usually between the alveolar crest (bone edge) and the root apex.

- Clinical presentation:

  • Often asymptomatic, but may cause slight swelling or gum recession in advanced cases.
  • Radiographically appears as a well-defined, round or teardrop-shaped radiolucency on the lateral aspect of the tooth root.

- Treatment:

Often managed conservatively with periodic monitoring and good oral hygiene. Surgical removal may be necessary in larger cysts or those causing significant symptoms.

Key Differences:

Here's a table summarizing the key differences:

Feature

Lateral Radicular Cyst

Lateral Periodontal Cyst

Origin

Infected tooth debris

Dental lamina remnants

Tooth vitality

Non-vital (dead)

Vital (healthy)

Location

Apex or lateral surface of root

Lateral surface of root

Radiographic appearance

Rounded/oval radiolucency at apex, associated with root resorption

Well-defined, round/teardrop radiolucency on lateral surface

Treatment

Removal of tooth and cyst, root canal or extraction

Conservative monitoring, surgical removal if necessary

The most prevalent primary molar relationship.. flush terminal plane

The most prevalent primary molar relationship:

  • a- flush terminal plane.
  • b- mesial step terminal plane.
  • c- end.
  • d- distal.

The most prevalent primary molar relationship is actually: a. flush terminal plane.

This means that when the jaws are closed in a biting position, the mesial (front) surface of the second primary molar sits flush against the distal (back) surface of the first primary molar.
Here's how the other options compare:

b. mesial step terminal plane:

In this case, the second primary molar would be slightly forward (mesially) compared to the first primary molar, with its mesial surface overlapping the distal surface of the first molar by a small amount.

c. end:

This term isn't typically used to describe molar relationships. It might be referring to a specific type of occlusion where the molars don't actually touch at all.

d. distal:

This would mean the second primary molar is positioned behind (distally) the first primary molar, with a gap between their distal surfaces.

Studies have shown that the flush terminal plane relationship is the most common, found in around 68% to 80% of children with primary dentition.

Additional Factors:

Here are some additional factors that can influence primary molar relationships:

-Age:

As children grow, their jaws develop and the primary molars may shift slightly in position.

- Genetics:

Some individuals are naturally predisposed to certain molar relationships.

- Oral habits:

Habits like thumb sucking or tongue thrusting can affect the position of the teeth.

It's important to note that the primary molar relationship is not necessarily predictive of the permanent molar relationship. However, observing the primary molar relationship can be helpful for dentists in planning future orthodontic treatment, if necessary.

Ugly duckling stage.. 9-11 years old

Ugly duckling stage:

  • A- 9-11 years old.***
  • B- 13-15 years old.
  • C- 7-9 years old.
The concept of the "ugly duckling stage" is an interesting one, but it's important to remember that it's just a metaphor, and individual development doesn't always follow such neat categorizations.

Alternative Ways:

Here are some alternative ways to think about this stage of life:

- A time of rapid change and growth:

Both physically and emotionally, children between the ages of 7 and 15 experience significant transformations. This can be a confusing and sometimes awkward time, but it's also a time of immense potential.

- A period of self-discovery:

As children become more independent, they start to explore their own identities and interests. This can involve trying new things, making mistakes, and figuring out who they are and what they want to be.

- A chance to build resilience:

The teenage years can be full of challenges, from academic pressures to social anxieties. However, overcoming these challenges can help young people develop important coping skills and resilience that will serve them well throughout their lives.

Instead of focusing on labels like "ugly duckling," it's more helpful to see this stage as a unique and valuable time in a person's development. It's a time to celebrate individuality, encourage exploration, and offer support as young people navigate the complexities of growing up.

Remember, everyone experiences this stage differently, and there's no one-size-fits-all timeline. Some people may blossom earlier, while others may take more time to find their wings. The most important thing is to provide a safe and supportive environment where young people can feel free to be themselves and grow at their own pace.

In deciduous tooth the first radiographic changes will be seen in.. External root resoption

In deciduous tooth the first radiographic changes will be seen in:

  • A- Bifurcation area.
  • B- Apical area.
  • C- External root resoption.***

The correct answer is C. External root resorption.

Here's why:

- Bifurcation area:

This area is not typically the first to show radiographic changes during deciduous tooth resorption. While it can be affected later in the process, the initial changes occur elsewhere.

- Apical area:

Similar to the bifurcation area, while the apical area can be involved in later stages of resorption, it's not the initial site of radiographic changes.

- External root resorption:

This is the most common and earliest radiographic sign of deciduous tooth resorption. It appears as a narrowing or blunting of the root outline, often starting at the cervical portion (near the crown) and progressing towards the apex. This resorption is a normal physiological process that allows the permanent tooth to erupt without encountering resistance from the deciduous root.

Therefore, while other areas may be involved in later stages, external root resorption is the first and most common radiographic change observed in deciduous teeth.

Remember, this is a general rule, and the timing and pattern of resorption can vary depending on individual factors. Consulting a dental professional for specific diagnosis and treatment is always recommended.

(6 years) child with bilateral loss of deciduous molars &the anterior teeth not erupted yet, the space maintainer for choice is.. removable partial denture

(6 years) child with bilateral loss of deciduous molars &the anterior teeth not erupted yet, the space maintainer for choice is:

  • a- lingual arch.
  • B- bilateral band and loop.
  • c- bilateral band and loop with distal shoe.
  • d- removable partial denture.***

The most appropriate space maintainer for a 6-year-old child with bilateral loss of deciduous molars and anterior teeth not yet erupted would be:

c) Bilateral band and loop with distal shoe.

Here's why:

- Bilateral band and loop:

This option provides good anchorage and stability, preventing mesial drifting of the adjacent teeth.

- Distal shoe:

Since the anterior teeth haven't erupted yet, a distal shoe on the loop helps maintain the space for their proper eruption later.

Let's analyze the other options:

a) Lingual arch:

This can be a good option for older children with permanent teeth, but for a 6-year-old with erupting anterior teeth, it might interfere with their eruption path.

b) Bilateral band and loop without distal shoe:

While this provides stability, it doesn't actively maintain space for the erupting anterior teeth.

d) Removable partial denture:

This could be an option if the child is good with compliance, but it might be challenging for a 6-year-old to keep clean and wear consistently. Additionally, it wouldn't provide the same level of anchorage as a fixed appliance.

Therefore, considering the age of the child, the stage of their dentition, and the need for active space maintenance, bilateral band and loop with distal shoe is the most suitable space maintainer in this case.

It's important to note that this is a general recommendation, and the specific needs of the child should be evaluated by a qualified dentist or orthodontist. They can determine the best course of treatment based on individual factors like the child's overall oral health, bite pattern, and specific needs.

7 y/o boy came to the clinic in the right maxillary central incisor with large pulp exposure.. pulptomy with Ca (OH)2

7 y/o boy came to the clinic in the right maxillary central incisor with large pulp exposure:

  • 1- pulpectomy with Ca(OH)2
  • 2- pulptomy with Ca (OH)2.***
  • 3- Direct pulp capping
  • 4- leave it.

For a 7-year-old boy with a large pulp exposure in his right maxillary central incisor, the most appropriate treatment option is: 2. Pulpotomy with Ca(OH)2.

Here's why:

- Pulpectomy (complete removal of the pulp):

This is typically reserved for cases where the pulp is irreversibly inflamed or infected. While a large exposure suggests potential inflammation, further evaluation and tests are needed to confirm. In a 7-year-old with a developing tooth, preserving as much healthy pulp as possible is desirable.

- Pulpotomy (partial removal of the inflamed coronal pulp):

This is a more conservative approach that can potentially save the tooth's vitality. In this case, the inflamed coronal pulp would be removed, leaving the healthy radicular pulp intact. Ca(OH)2, a biocompatible material, would be placed over the remaining pulp to promote healing and barrier formation.

- Direct pulp capping:

This involves placing a capping material directly over the exposed pulp without removing any tissue. This option is not recommended for large exposures like this, as the success rate is low and the risk of infection is high.

- Leave it:

This is not a viable option as leaving an exposed pulp will inevitably lead to infection and further damage to the tooth.

Therefore, pulpotomy with Ca(OH)2 offers the best chance of preserving the tooth's vitality and function while minimizing the risk of complications. This option should be performed by a qualified dentist who can assess the extent of the inflammation and perform the procedure appropriately.

Here are some additional points to consider:

  • The success of a pulpotomy depends on several factors, including the size and location of the exposure, the health of the remaining pulp, and the skill of the dentist.
  • Regular follow-up appointments are crucial to monitor the tooth's health and address any potential complications.
  • If the pulpotomy fails, a root canal treatment may be necessary in the future.

Which intracanal medicament causes protein coagulation.. Formocresol

Which intracanal medicament causes protein coagulation:

  • a- Formocresol.***
  • b- Naocl
  • c- Wad...
  • D- Hydrogen peroxide.

The correct answer is (a) Formocresol.

Formocresol is an intracanal medicament that is used to disinfect and preserve dentin. It contains formalin, which is a protein coagulant. When formocresol comes into contact with protein, it causes the protein to denature and form cross-links. This cross-linking makes the protein insoluble and resistant to degradation.

The other answer choices are incorrect because:

  • (b) Naocl is a sodium hypochlorite solution that is used to disinfect root canals. It does not cause protein coagulation.
  • (c) Wad is a type of dressing that is used to keep medicaments in place in root canals. It does not cause protein coagulation.
  • (d) Hydrogen peroxide is a disinfectant that is used to clean root canals. It does not cause protein coagulation.
Therefore, the only intracanal medicament that causes protein coagulation is formocresol.

Toothgerm of primary teeth arise from.. Dental lamina

Toothgerm of primary teeth arise from:

a. Dental lamina.***
b. Dental follicle.
c. Enamel organ.
d. Epithelial cell of malassez.


The dental lamina is a band of epithelial tissue seen in histologic sections of a developing tooth. The dental lamina is first evidence of tooth development and begins at the sixth week in utero or three weeks after the rupture of the buccopharyngeal membrane.

In primary tooth for restoration before putting the filling u put.. you put the filling after proper cleaning and drying

In primary tooth for restoration before putting the filling u put:
a- base.
b- calcium hydroxide.
c- varnish.
d- you put the filling after proper cleaning and drying***


Dental catering, dental obturations or simply obturations, are treatments used to restore the function, integrity and morphology of the missing dental structure resulting from a caries or external trauma as well as for the replacement of Such a structure supported by dental implants.

They are of two main types - direct and indirect - and are also classified by location and by size. A filling of a radicular channel, for example, is a restoration technique used to fill the space where the dental pulp normally lies.

Teeth preparation:
Restoring a tooth in good shape and function requires two steps:

1- Prepare the tooth for the implementation of the catering material (s), and
2- Placement of these materials.

The preparation process generally consists in cutting the tooth with a rotary dental handpiece and dental strawberries or a dental laser to make room for the expected catering materials and to eliminate any dental caries or parts of the structurally unstable tooth. If the permanent restoration cannot be carried out immediately after preparing the tooth, a temporary catering can be carried out.

The prepared tooth, ready for the installation of catering materials, is generally called dental preparation. The materials used can be gold, amalgam, dental composites, ionomer glass cement or porcelain, among others. Preparations can be intracoronal or extracoronal.

Intracoronal preparations are those which serve to maintain the restoration material within the limits of the crown structure of a tooth. The examples include all cavity preparation classes for composites or amalgams as well as those for gold and porcelain inlays. Intracoronal preparations are also made as female receivers to receive the male components of removable partial.

The extracoronal preparations provide a nucleus or base on which the restoration material will be placed to bring the tooth back in a functional and aesthetic structure. The examples include crowns and onlays, as well as facets.

When preparing a tooth for restoration, a certain number of considerations will determine the type and extent of the preparation. The most important factor to consider is rot. For the most part, the extent of the caries will define the extent of the preparation, and in turn, the subsequent method and the materials appropriate for catering.

Another consideration is the unrealized dental structure. When preparing the tooth to receive a restoration, the unrealized enamel is removed to allow a more predictable restoration. Although the enamel is the hardest substance of the human body, it is particularly brittle and the enamel without support is easily fractured.


Direct restorations:
This technique is to place a soft or malleable shutter in the prepared tooth and to reconstruct the tooth. The material is then hardened and the tooth is restored.

The advantage of direct restorations is that they generally take quickly and can be put in place in a single procedure.

The dentist has the choice between different filling options. A decision is generally taken according to the location and severity of the associated cavity. Since the material must harden when in contact with the tooth, limited energy (heat) is transmitted to the tooth from the hardening process.

Indirect restorations:
In this technique, catering is made outside the mouth using the dental footprints of the prepared tooth. The current indirect restorations include inlays and onlays, crowns, bridges and facets.

Usually, a dental prosthetist makes indirect restoration from the files provided by the dentist. Finished catering is generally permanently stuck with dental cement.

It is often done in two separate visits to the dentist. The current indirect restorations are made using gold or ceramic.

During the preparation of indirect restoration, a temporary / temporary restoration is sometimes used to cover the prepared tooth to help keep the surrounding dental tissues.

Removable dental prostheses (mainly dental prostheses) are sometimes considered a form of indirect dental restoration, as they are designed to replace missing teeth.

There are many types of precision attachments (also called combined restorations) to facilitate removable prosthetic attachment to the teeth, in particular magnets, clips, hooks and implants which can themselves be considered as a form of restoration dental.

The CEREC method is a CAD/CAM restoration procedure in the chair. An optical footprint of the prepared tooth is taken using a camera.

Then, the specific software takes the digital image and converts it to a 3D virtual model on the computer screen.

A ceramic block corresponding to the shade of the tooth is placed in the milling machine. An all ceramic restoration of the color of the tooth is finished and ready to stick in place.

Another manufacturing method is to import STL and dental CAD files native in CAD/FAO software products that guide the user throughout the manufacturing process.

The software can select the tools, machining sequences and optimized cutting conditions for specific types of materials, such as titanium and zirconium, and for particular prostheses, such as headdresses and bridges.

In some cases, the complex nature of certain implants requires the use of 5 -axis machining methods to reach each part of the work.

Child with previous history of minor trauma with excessive bleeding we do test the result is prolong PT & slightly increase clotting time & ... Test is +ve.. vit.K deficiency

Child with previous history of minor trauma with excessive bleeding we do test the result is prolong PT & slightly increase clotting time & ... Test is +ve. the diagnosis is:

a- hemophelia B.

b- thrombocytopenia.

c- vit.K deficiency***

A clot may fail to form because of a quantitative or functional platelet deficiency.
The former is most readily assessed by obtaining a platelet count.

The normal platelet count is 200,000—500,000 cells/mm3 Prolonged bleeding may occur if platelets fall below 100,000 cells/ mm3.
Treatment of severe thrombocytopenia may require platelet transfusion.

Qualitative platelet dysfunction most often results from aspirin ingestion and is most commonly measured by determining the bleeding time.
Prolonged bleeding time requires consultation with a hematologist.

Pulpities in decidous teeth in radiograph see related to.. furcation

Pulpities in decidous teeth in radiograph see related to:

- furcation.*** 

- apex of root.

- lateral to root.

In dentistry, a furcation defect is bone loss, usually a result of periodontal disease, affecting the base of the root trunk of a tooth where two or more roots meet (bifurcation or trifurcation).
The extent and configuration of the defect are factors in both diagnosis and treatment planning.
A tooth with a furcation defect typically possessed a more diminished prognosis owing to the difficulty of rendering the furcation area free from periodontal pathogens.
For this reason, surgical periodontal treatment may be considered to either close the furcation defect with grafting procedures or allow greater access to the furcation defect for improved oral hygiene.

child has a habit of finger sucking and starts to show orodental changes, the child needs.. Early appliance

child has a habit of finger sucking and starts to show orodental changes, the child needs:
a- Early appliance.***
b- Psychological therapy.
----------------------------

Sucking your finger:
Many babies and children suck their thumbs. Some even begin to suck their finger while they are still in the womb.
Sucking your finger can make children feel safe and happy. They can suck their thumb when they are tired, hungry, bored, stressed or when they are trying to calm down or sleep.

Information:
Do not worry too much if your child sucks his thumb.
DO NOT punish or scold your child for stopping. Most children stop sucking their fingers on their own when they are 3 to 4 years old. They stop sucking their finger and find other ways to comfort themselves.
Older children often stop doing this due to peer pressure at school. But if your child feels pressured to stop, he may want to suck his finger even more. Understand that sucking your finger is the way the child calms and comforts.
It's good for children to suck their fingers until permanent teeth start to come out, about 6 years old. Damage to teeth or palate seems to occur more if a child sucks his finger hard. If your child does this, try to help him stop sucking his finger at age 4 to avoid damage.
If your child's thumb turns red and cracked, apply cream or lotion.
Help your child stop sucking his finger.
Know that this is a hard habit to overcome. Start talking to your child about suspending this when he is 5 or 6 years old and that you know that his permanent teeth will come out soon. Also, help him if he sucks his finger ashamed.
If you know when your child most often sucks his finger, look for other ways for the child to find comfort and feel safe.
- Offer a toy or stuffed animal.
- Put him to nap before, when he notices that he is getting sleepy.
- Help him talk about his frustrations instead of sucking his finger to calm down.
- Give your child support when you try to stop sucking your finger.
Congratulate your child for not sucking his finger.
Ask the dentist or your child's healthcare provider to talk with the child about stopping the habit and explain the reasons for doing so. Also, ask the health care providers who care for your child about:
- Using a bandage or thumb guard to help your child.
- The use of dental appliances if your child's teeth and mouth have been affected.
- Placing a bitter medicine on the thumb. Be careful to use something that is safe for your child to consume.

A child patient undergone pulpotomy in your clinic in1st primary molar. Next day the patient returned with ulcer on the right side of the lip.. traumatic ulcer

A child patient undergone pulpotomy in your clinic in1st primary molar. Next day the patient returned with ulcer on the right side of the lip... your diagnosis is:
a- Apthosis
b- Zonal herpes
c- traumatic ulcer***
--------------------------------

Traumatic ulcer:

Etiology:
As its name suggests, it is an acute or chronic trauma that can occur due to sharp food or accidental bites during chewing, excessive brushing, talking or even sleeping. They may remain for long periods of time, but most usually regenerate within a few days.

Clinical features:
they occur most often on the tongue, lips and jugal mucosa, which may be injured by teething. Gum, palate, and buccal groove bottom lesions may occur from other sources of irritation, such as excessive brushing. These are usually individual lesions with an erythematous area surrounding a removable, central, yellow, fibrinopurulent membrane. The lesion may develop a hyperkeratotic whitish hinge adjacent to the ulceration area.

Histopathological features:
traumatic ulcerations have a fibrinopurulent membrane that consists microscopically of fibrin mixed with neutrophils. Adjacent epithelium may be normal or mild hyperplasia with or without hyperkeratosis. The ulcer base consists of a granulation tissue that has lymphocytes, histiocytes, neutrophils, and occasionally plasma cells.

Treatment and prognosis:
For traumatic ulcerations that have an obvious source of injury, the cause should be removed. Diclonin hydrochloride or hydroxypropyl cellulose films may be applied for pain relief. If the cause is not obvious or if the patient does not respond to treatment, biopsy is indicated.

8 years old come with fractured max incisor tooth with incipient exposed pulp after 30 min of the trauma, what’s the suitable rx.. Direct pulp capping

8 years old come with fractured max incisor tooth with incipient exposed pulp after 30 min of the trauma, what’s the suitable rx:
a- Pulpatomy
b- Direct pulp capping***
c- Pulpectomy
d- Apexification.
----------------------------

Pulp coating is a root canal procedure that is performed for preventive purposes to avoid irreversible damage to the pulp as well as preserve pulp vitality when it is affected by inflammation or infection. In other words, its objective is to avoid the need to perform a total pulpectomy.

Indirect:
It is indicated in cases of deep caries that does not affect the pulp, pulpitis (inflammation of the pulp) caused by trauma of the tooth, inflammation of the pulp that can cause irreversible damage or in cases of chronic pulpitis that have not yet occurred Pulp tissue necrosis.
In this case, a cavity is made in the tooth to remove part of the carious tissue, but avoiding direct exposure of the pulp by leaving a thin layer of dentin to protect it. A medicine is then applied to the remaining dentin and the cavity is sealed so that it continues to work. After about six weeks, the cavity will be reopened to remove the remaining carious tissue and proceed to the final restoration of the tooth. With this procedure, in addition to stop the progression of caries, an irreversible pulp lesion is prevented and the remaining dentin is reinforced by stimulating the formation of reparative dentin.

Direct:
It is performed when the pulp has been exposed because of a trauma, such as a fracture or breakage of the tooth, and a reversible pulpitis occurs. This technique is especially indicated in young patients, with the apex open or barely formed.
Pulp tissue exposed, in the absence of a bridge can suffer degeneration, atrophy and shrinkage or reduction. That is why in the direct pulp coating procedure, a drug (calcium hydroxide) is applied to the exposed pulp to try to preserve its vitality and achieve healing, since dentin formation is stimulated for the formation of a dentinal bridge. It is contraindicated in caries exposures, due to the possibility of inflammation and infection prior to exposure.

Success of pit & fissure sealants is affected mainly by.. contamination of oral saliva

Success of pit & fissure sealants is affected mainly by:
1- increased time of etching
2- contamination of oral saliva***
3- salivary flow rate
4- proper fissure sealant.
----------------------

5 things you might not know about saliva:
How many liters do you produce in a day?
How many types of saliva exist?
We tell you the peculiarities of that liquid that you carry in your mouth and why it is much more important than many believe.

Have you ever wondered why at night you wake up with a dry mouth and feel the urgent need to drink water?

You slept with your mouth open or dinner was very salty, you think.
But no, there is a reason that explains why many happen to us (although, without a doubt, the above reasons can make the feeling worse).
What happens is that saliva production varies throughout the day, less is generated at night. The opposite usually happens at the end of the afternoon. It also depends on how we feel and what we are doing.
That is just one of several saliva peculiarities, to which you probably have not given much consideration.
Gordon Proctor, professor in salivary biology at King's College London, summarizes some.

1- Great production:
People produce between one and two liters daily.
This volume is approximately the same that corresponds to the fluid that the body loses through the urine every day.

2- Pure water:
Saliva is 99% water. But hormones such as testosterone, cortisol and melatonin are also found.
It also has minerals such as calcium, electrolytes and antibacterial components.

3- Genetic footprints:
The reason why saliva samples can be taken to analyze a person's DNA is because it contains human cells that come off the lining of the mouth.
It also has ribonucleic acid (RNA), which allows the transfer of genetic information from DNA, among other things.

4- Not all are equal:
There are three types of saliva, which occur in three pairs of salivary glands.
The US Academy of Otolaryngology This explains the differences: the parotids, located near the upper teeth, moisten the food when it is being chewed.
The submandibular are under the tongue and are responsible for generating a more "sticky" saliva that serves to protect the mouth when not eating.
And sublinguals fulfill a similar function, but they are located on the floor of the mouth.

5- You can get sick:
There are medical conditions caused by the malfunction of the salivary glands that can cause fever, pain and inflammation, according to the National Health System of the United Kingdom (NHS).
One of these disorders is sialorrhea, which is an excess in saliva production.
Another is the calculation of the salivary gland, an obstruction in the ducts of the glands caused by minerals.
There is also inflammation of the gland, which generates a lot of pain in the area and, occasionally, pus. This disorder can be caused by a bacterial infection.

More important than you think:
Saliva contributes to digestion and, without it, it would be almost impossible to chew and swallow food.
In addition, it protects teeth from bacteria and decreases the propensity to develop infections such as canker sores, ulcers and gum disease.

Three year old pt, has anodontia (no teeth at all), what would you do.. full denture

Three year old pt, has anodontia (no teeth at all), what would you do:
a- full denture***
b- implant.
c- space maitainer.
d- no intervention.

In cases of anodontia, full dentures are required. These can be provided, albeit with likely limited success, from about 3 years of age, with the possibility of implant support for prostheses provided in adulthood.
B)- autoimmune factors++ (one of the signs of Autoimm dis’s).
-----------------------

What is a full dental prosthesis?
It is a prosthesis, which is also known as a palate dental prosthesis, which is made in the absence of teeth in the mouth and that fits the upper and lower palates.

How many days do I need to come?
Fully prosthetic teeth are prepared in average 5 sessions with measurements and various rehearsals. An average of 2 weeks is enough for 5 sessions.

Is it easy to use?
Since dental prostheses are removable dentures, they are more difficult to use than other dentures. It can be easily inserted and removed from the lower and upper jaw, but no fixed denture comfort and chewing efficacy is expected.

Do I get used to using these dental prostheses?
When it is first worn, there may be bruises and wounds in some areas, it is customary when used for a certain time after the bruises are taken and acts as if it were the person's own teeth.

How to clean?
Full denture cleaning is done under running water with the help of soap and brush. Toothpaste is not used for cleaning. For full dentures, it can be cleaned with special brushes as well as with normal toothbrushes. In addition, some brands of cleaning tablets are available.

Can I eat with full dental prostheses?
The retention of the individual prostheses made from the jaws depends on the amount of bone in the lower and upper jaw. If the amount of bone is sufficient, prosthesis retention and stabilization are also good, and food can be grinded easily with prostheses. When a full prosthesis is first performed, it may be difficult until the cheek and lip muscles become accustomed, and then bite, cut and grind functions can be performed easily.

Do prosthetic teeth move while eating?
If the amount of bone in the lower and upper jaw is not sufficient, the prosthesis may move while eating, as the retention and stabilization of the prosthetic teeth will also decrease. In this case, special adhesives may be used or it may be necessary to get support from implants placed on the jawbone to prevent prostheses from moving.

Would I be aesthetically pleased with full dentures?
Full dentures fill the cheek and lip depressions and inflate. Teeth used in dentures can also be designed as porcelain in the front group. In this case, aesthetic satisfaction is high.

What should I pay attention to when using?
Care should be taken to clean the complete dentures and cleaning should not be done with boiling water in any way. At night, the prosthesis should be removed from the mouth and stored in a special container. In addition, it should be noted that when dropping or cleaning or dropping, it is fragile.

Is it possible to repair the denture when the teeth are broken or the teeth fall?
Although it varies depending on the shape and size of the fracture, it can be easily repaired. Teeth falling from the prosthesis are also easily repaired.

How long does it take to repair the prosthetic teeth?
Depending on the shape and size of the fracture, it is usually possible to repair it in 1, 2 days.

Is it possible to use prosthetic teeth in diabetic patients?
Full dentures can be applied to almost any patient in case of complete toothlessness and can be easily applied to diabetics. It may take a long time to heal the sores and wounds that may occur after the application, and it may be necessary to use special gels and artificial saliva, as there may be a dry mouth problem.

Is it possible to use prosthetic teeth in patients with bone resorption?
Bone resorption in the body is not usually associated with bone resorption in the mouth. Bone thickness and height are checked by intra-oral examination and films to determine suitability for the prosthesis. In the case of excessive resorption (bone resorption), bone volume can be obtained by taking bone from different regions surgically.

Is it possible to use prosthetic teeth in allergic patients?
First of all, an allergy test should be done and the allergies should be determined. Since there is no metal in full dental prosthesis, it can be easily applied to people with metal allergy. However, in the presence of allergy to acrylic, which is a full denture material, it is not possible to use a full denture, in which case implant supported dentures can be used.

What is the lifetime of full dentures?
Full dental prostheses serve for many years when good care and hygiene are provided. Slimming or bone resorption may result in proliferation and play of the prosthesis over the years.

The full dental prosthesis I've used for years has started to expand and play, what can be done?
Feeding to the existing prosthesis can be re-adapted for abundance and fluctuations due to slimming and bone resorption.

I am very satisfied with the prosthesis I had made years ago, only coloration and blackening exist, can I do the same as my prosthesis?
If the staining and blackening of the complete denture does not come out during professional cleaning, duplicates of the existing denture can be made. You will need to leave the prosthesis for a few days.

I'm happy with the retention of my dental prosthesis I've used for years, but it doesn't cut teeth, can teeth be sharpened?
Without changing the base of the existing prosthesis, only the teeth can be replaced, the newly used teeth will be more incisive and not worn.

My full denture in the upper jaw holds very well, but my full denture in the lower jaw holds much less, why?
The full prosthesis in the upper jaw occupies a much larger area than the full prosthesis in the lower jaw, and the presence of the tongue in the lower jaw causes the prosthesis to move more, as well as the available bone volume affecting the retention. Because the loss of teeth in the lower jaw is usually earlier, the bone dissolves more and the retention of the prosthesis is less.

Do I have to have a full dental prosthesis when I lose all my teeth?
It is very difficult for patients who lose all their teeth and have never used a full prosthesis before getting used to a full prosthesis. If there is sufficient bone volume in the lower and upper jaw, the prostheses made on the implants placed in the bone are more comfortable and easy to use than the full ones. In the event of complete toothlessness, we recommend implant supported dental prostheses.

5 years old patient lost his primary first maxillary molar the best retainer is.. Band and loop

5 years old patient lost his primary first maxillary molar the best retainer is:
1- Band and loop.***
2- Crown and loop.
3- Lingual arch.
4- Nance appliance.
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The Nance button is a space maintainer (orthodontic appliance) that is used when posterior teeth (unilaterally or bilaterally) have been lost prematurely, when the patient regularly practices lingual interposition (place the tongue in front the upper teeth) and has an abnormal swallowing, or to maintain the length of the upper arch.
The device is configured by a button made of resin that rests on the roughness of the upper palate and is welded to a metal band attached to the first upper molars or the upper posterior molars, as the case may be.
In the event that a posterior tooth has been lost in a mixed dentition, the Nance button prevents the adjacent pieces from being mesialized, that is, they move towards the center of the hole, so that the necessary space for exit of the final tooth and, as a consequence, also the length of the arch. It also fulfills the function of maintaining the drift space in orthodontic treatments.
The use of this space maintainer is contraindicated when there is an irritation of the tissues with which it comes into contact, if the patient does not maintain adequate oral hygiene, if there are no premolars or molars on which to anchor the device or in case of allergy to the acrylic material (resin) with which the Nance button is made.

CONDITIONS OF USE OF THE SERVICE:
The information provided by this means cannot, in any way, replace a direct health care service, nor should it be used for the purpose of establishing a diagnosis, or choosing a treatment in particular cases.
In this service no recommendation will be made, explicitly or implicitly, on drugs, techniques, products, etc ... that will be cited for informational purposes only.
The use of this service is carried out under the exclusive responsibility of the users.
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The Nance button is a space maintainer used in maxillary functional orthopedic devices that is a dental specialty that diagnoses, prevents, controls and treats the growth and development problems of our face and jaws, that is, malocclusions, eliminating any interference or alteration that prevents its correct development.
The nance button is a special attachment that can be added to the functional orthopedics of the jaws, depending on whether it is required and that is used when posterior teeth (unilaterally or bilaterally) have been lost prematurely, when the patient practices In a usual way the lingual interposition (placing the tongue in front of the upper teeth) has a parafunction such as atypical swallowing, or to maintain the correct length of the upper arch.
The device is configured by a button made of acrylic resin that rests on the roughness of the palate in the upper jaw and is welded to a metal band attached to the first upper molars or the upper posterior molars, as the case may be. It can be used both in patients who have temporary dentition and in patients who have mixed dentition.
In the event that a posterior tooth has been lost in a mixed dentition, the Nance button prevents the adjacent pieces from being mesialized, that is, they move towards the center of the edentulous space, so that the necessary space is kept open for the exit of the definitive tooth and, as a consequence, also the length of the arch. Likewise, it fulfills the function of maintaining the drift space in orthodontic treatments.
The use of this space maintainer is contraindicated when there is an irritation of the tissues with which it comes into contact, if the patient does not maintain adequate oral hygiene, if there are no premolars or molars on which to anchor the device or in case of allergy to the acrylic material (resin) with which the Nance button is made.

Advantages of using the Nance button:
It serves to anchor the molars to avoid unwanted movements during orthodontic treatment, it is also responsible for the maintenance of space in mixed dentition as well as the maintenance of the length in the arch.

Disadvantages of using the Nance button:
You can lose anchorage, distalize or mesialize molars, due to improper use you can destroy incisors due to the force exerted on the posterior sector. In cases of poor hygiene on the part of the patient can generate areas of accumulation of biofilm, dental tartar and microbial colonies and that in addition the Nance button can not make lateral expansions.
In Dentisalut clinics we have a specialist who have this and other special attachments used to successfully achieve both orthodontic and functional orthopedic treatments of the jaws.
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