Showing posts with label Growth and Development. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Growth and Development. Show all posts

While teaching a 10 year-old child about their impending heart surgery.. Explain the surgery using a model of the heart

While teaching a 10 year-old child about their impending heart surgery, the nurse should:

  • a- Provide a verbal explanation just prior to the surgery.
  • b- Provide the child with a booklet to read about the surgery.
  • c- Introduce the child to another child who had heart surgery three days ago.
  • d- Explain the surgery using a model of the heart.

The most effective approach for a nurse to teach a 10-year-old child about their impending heart surgery is: d) Explain the surgery using a model of the heart.

Other Options:

Here's why the other options are less effective:

a) Verbal explanation just prior to surgery:

This is too close to the procedure and may not provide enough time for the child to process the information. Additionally, it might be overshadowed by pre-surgery anxieties.

b) Booklet to read about the surgery:

While informative, a booklet alone may not be engaging enough for a child. It might lack the personal touch and interactivity needed for effective communication.

c) Introduce the child to another child who had heart surgery:

While this can be helpful, it may not address the specific concerns and questions of the individual child. Additionally, the other child's experience may not be directly relevant or reassuring.

Model of Heart:

Using a model of the heart allows the nurse to:
  • Visually explain the heart's function and the specific issue requiring surgery. This makes the information more concrete and easier for the child to grasp.
  • Demonstrate the surgical procedure on the model. This helps the child understand what will happen during the surgery, reducing fear and anxiety.
  • Answer questions in a clear and concise way. The model can be used to point out specific areas and address the child's specific concerns.
  • Create a more interactive and engaging learning experience. This can help the child feel more comfortable and prepared for the surgery.

Of course, the nurse can use multiple methods in combination. For example, after explaining the surgery using a model, they could provide a booklet for further information and introduce the child to another child who had a similar experience if appropriate. However, using a model of the heart is the most effective single method for teaching a 10-year-old child about their impending heart surgery.

Remember, the goal is to provide the child with accurate and understandable information in a way that reduces their anxiety and helps them feel prepared for the surgery.

The nurse is observing children playing in the hospital playroom. She would expect to see 4 year-old children playing.. Cooperatively with other preschoolers

The nurse is observing children playing in the hospital playroom.

She would expect to see 4 year-old children playing:
  • A- Competitive board games with older children.
  • B- With their own toys along side with other children.
  • C- Alone with hand held computer games.
  • D- Cooperatively with other preschoolers.

Based on typical developmental milestones for 4-year-old children, the most likely option the nurse would see is: D. Cooperatively with other preschoolers.

Here's why:

- Competitive board games with older children (A):

While 4-year-olds are starting to understand basic rules and taking turns, complex competitive games are more suitable for older children with better cognitive and social skills.

- With their own toys alongside other children (B):

This is a possibility, but parallel play (playing alongside others but not interacting) is more common than cooperative play at this age.

- Alone with hand-held computer games (C):

While some 4-year-olds may enjoy electronic games, solo play is less common than social interaction, especially in a stimulating environment like a playroom.

- Cooperatively with other preschoolers (D):

This is the most likely option as 4-year-olds are actively developing their social skills and enjoy playing with others. They start understanding cooperation, taking turns, and sharing toys during play. They might engage in imaginative play, build structures, or act out stories together.

Therefore, based on typical development, the nurse would most likely expect to see 4-year-old children playing cooperatively with other preschoolers in the hospital playroom.

However, it's important to remember that individual children develop at their own pace, and some may prefer solitary play or different types of interaction. The nurse should observe the children individually and in groups to understand their unique preferences and social skills.

When caring for an elderly client it is important to keep in mind the changes in color vision that may occur.. Blue and green

When caring for an elderly client it is important to keep in mind the changes in color vision that may occur.

What colors are apt to be most difficult for the elderly to distinguish?
  • a. Red and blue.
  • b. Blue and gold.
  • c. Red and green.
  • d. Blue and green.

The answer is d. Blue and green.

Here's why:

- Age-related vision changes:

As we age, our lens naturally yellows, which reduces the amount of blue light reaching the retina. This can make it difficult to distinguish between blue and green, particularly in shades that are close together.

- Color blindness:

While red-green color blindness is more common in men, it's not typically associated with age-related changes in vision.

- Blue-yellow sensitivity:

The cones in our eyes responsible for blue and yellow light are the first to deteriorate with age. This further contributes to the difficulty in differentiating between shades of blue and green.

Therefore, while other options might seem plausible, blue and green are the colors that pose the greatest challenge for elderly individuals due to the combined effects of lens yellowing and cone cell degeneration.

Additional Points:

Here are some additional points to consider:
  • Individual variations: Not all elderly individuals experience the same degree of color vision changes. Some may be more affected than others.
  • Importance of awareness: Recognizing these challenges can help caregivers make adjustments to the environment and communication to better accommodate the needs of elderly clients with altered color perception.

The nurse is planning care for an 18 month-old child. Which of the following should be included the in the child’s care.. Encourage the child to feed himself finger food

The nurse is planning care for an 18 month-old child.

Which of the following should be included the in the child’s care?

  • a- Hold and cuddle the child often
  • b- Encourage the child to feed himself finger food
  • c- Allow the child to walk independently on the nursing unit
  • d- Engage the child in games with other children

Answer B.

According to Erikson, the toddler is in the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt.
The nurse should encourage increasingly independent activities of daily living.
The best choices for an 18-month-old child's care on a nursing unit are:

a. Hold and cuddle the child often:

This provides comfort and security, especially in an unfamiliar environment like a hospital.

b. Encourage the child to feed himself finger food:

This promotes development of fine motor skills and independence.

d. Engage the child in games with other children:

Social interaction is important for development, and supervised play can be enjoyable and stimulating.

However, c. Allow the child to walk independently on the nursing unit: is not the best choice. While some independent exploration is okay, an 18-month-old child needs close supervision due to safety risks like falls, getting lost, and tampering with equipment.

Therefore, the most appropriate options for the child's care are a, b, and d.

Here's a breakdown of why the other options are not ideal:


- Option c:

Walking independently could lead to falls or injuries due to uneven surfaces, obstacles, or unexpected doors.

- Option a:

While essential, it should be balanced with encouraging some independent exploration.

Remember, the child's safety and well-being are paramount. Choosing activities that promote development while minimizing risks is crucial.

The nurse’s FIRST step in nutritional counseling / teaching for a pregnant woman is to.. Conduct a diet history to determine her normal eating routines

The nurse’s FIRST step in nutritional counseling/teaching for a pregnant woman is to:


  • a- Teach her how to meet the needs of self and her family
  • b- Explain the changes in diet necessary for pregnant women
  • c- Question her understanding and use of the food pyramid
  • d- Conduct a diet history to determine her normal eating routines

Answer D.

Assessment is always the first step in planning teaching for any client.

The nurse is caring for a pregnant client. The client asks how the doctor could tell she was pregnant ‘just by looking inside.’.. Bluish coloration of the cervix and vaginal walls

The nurse is caring for a pregnant client.

The client asks how the doctor could tell she was pregnant ‘just by looking inside.’
The nurse tells her the most likely explanation is that she had a positive Chadwick’s sign, which is a:

  • a- Bluish coloration of the cervix and vaginal walls.
  • b- Pronounced softening of the cervix.
  • c- Clot of very thick mucous that obstructs the cervical canal.
  • d- Slight rotation of the uterus to the right.

Answer A.

Chadwick’s sign is a bluish-purple coloration of the cervix and vaginal walls, occurring at 4 weeks of pregnancy, that is caused by vasocongestion.

The nurse in an infertility clinic is discussing the treatment routine. The nurse advises the couple that the major stressor for couples being treated for infertility is usually.. the right scheduling of sexual intercourse

The nurse in an infertility clinic is discussing the treatment routine.

The nurse advises the couple that the major stressor for couples being treated for infertility is usually:

  • a- having to tell their families.
  • b- the cost of the interventions.
  • c- the inconvenience of multiple tests.
  • d- the right scheduling of sexual intercourse.

Answer D.

Having to tell families may also be a factor contributing to stress but is not the major stressor. Cost may also be a contributing factor to stress but is not usually the major factor.

The inconvenience of multiple tests may also be a factor contributing to stress but is not usually the major factor.

Sexual activity "on demand” is the major cause of stress for most infertile couples.

A 27-year-old woman has Type I diabetes mellitus. She and her husband want to have a child so they consulted her diabetologist, who gave her information on pregnancy and diabetes

A 27-year-old woman has Type I diabetes mellitus. She and her husband want to have a child so they consulted her diabetologist, who gave her information on pregnancy and diabetes.

Of primary importance for the diabetic woman who is considering pregnancy should be

  • a. a review of the dietary modifications that will be necessary.
  • b. early prenatal medical care.
  • c. adoption instead of conception.
  • d. understanding that this is a major health risk to the mother.

Answer B.

A review of dietary modifications is important once the woman is pregnant. However, it is not of primary importance when considering pregnancy. Pregnancy makes metabolic control of diabetes more difficult. It is essential that the client start prenatal care early so that potential complications can be controlled or minimized by the efforts of the client and health care team.
The alternative of adoption is not necessary just because the client is a diabetic. Many diabetic women have pregnancies with successful outcomes if they receive good care. While there is some risk to the pregnant diabetic woman, it is not considered a major health risk. The greater risk is to the fetus.

A client telephones the clinic to ask about a home pregnancy test she used this morning.. HCG

A client telephones the clinic to ask about a home pregnancy test she used this morning.

The nurse understands that the presence of which hormone strongly suggests a woman is pregnant?


a- Estrogen.
b- HCG.
c- Alpha-fetoprotein.
d- Progesterone.

Answer B.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is the biologic marker on which pregnancy tests are based. Reliability is about 98%, but the test does not positively confirm pregnancy.

Can too much pee on a pregnancy test make it negative?

Yes! Drinking too much water — or any liquid — can affect a pregnancy test. The hormone hCG is more concentrated in your urine first thing in the morning. If you haven't missed your period yet, your hCG level may not be high enough to be detected in more diluted urine.

Is second morning urine accurate?

The second morning urine (SMU) method developed by Kawasaki is reliable and convenient for estimating the daily salt intake. On the other hand, Tanaka have developed more convenient method named as casual urine (CU) method in which a urine sample can be collected during the daytime.

How accurate is pregnancy test by day?

(For example, the Clearblue Early Detection Pregnancy Test claims more than 99 percent accuracy if you test the day of your expected period or one, two or three days before; 96 percent accuracy four days before; and 79 percent five days before.

Can I take hCG test anytime?

You can do a pregnancy test on a sample of urine collected at any time of the day. It doesn't have to be in the morning.

Can home pregnancy test be wrong?

Could a positive result be wrong? That's rare. But it is possible to get a positive result from a home pregnancy test when you're not pregnant. This is called a false-positive.

Is hCG higher in the morning or at night?

HCG is at its highest level in the morning when urine is fresh and not diluted by the liquid you drink during the day. If you test in the afternoon, your urine may not have enough HCG to detect.

Can a pregnancy test be positive in the morning and negative at night?

The test manufacturer wants you to take the test when it is most likely to detect hCG. Morning urine lowers the risk of a false negative because the hormone levels will be at their highest. However, that doesn't mean you can't take the test at night and get accurate results.

How many hours is considered first morning urine?

The first morning urine is the urine you void when you get up for the day. If you get up during the night, it is not necessary to catch that urine. You can wait until you get up for the day. For women who work night shift, your first morning urine will be the urine you void after you slept during the day.

How long does it take for hCG to show up in urine?

hCG is a hormone produced by your placenta when you are pregnant. It appears shortly after the embryo attaches to the wall of the uterus. If you are pregnant, this hormone increases very rapidly. If you have a 28 day menstrual cycle, you can detect hCG in your urine 12-15 days after ovulation.

What Colour is urine with hCG?

Normally, the color of urine can be light yellow or yellow to transparent. But for a pregnant woman, this change is more prominent and noticeable. The urine color can change from light yellow to dark yellow.

What part of the day is hCG highest?

For best results, take the pregnancy test in the morning. First-morning urine exhibits the highest concentration of hCG. Taking your pregnancy test sooner than eight days past ovulation might result in a false negative.

Does first morning urine have more hCG?

Levels of hCG will be strongest with first morning urine — more concentrated urine guarantees a more accurate test.

Is it only early morning urine that is used for pregnancy test?

In general, the best time is when you have your first morning pee. However, some pregnancy tests are sensitive enough to detect HCG no matter what time of day you take the test.

Should you test hCG in the morning?

Remember, morning tends to be the best time to take home pregnancy tests, because hCG levels in urine are concentrated after a night without much drinking and peeing. If you're still very early in your pregnancy and hCG levels are only starting to rise, it may be wise not to test at night. Symptoms of pregnancy.

What hCG level will show on home pregnancy test?

Pregnancy blood tests can detect hCG hormone levels as low as 5 to 10 mIU/mL. Urine tests. At-home urine tests require higher levels of hCG to detect a pregnancy, typically at least 20 mIU/mL.

The nurse is assessing a six-month-old child. developmental skills are normal and should be expected.. Sits alone

The nurse is assessing a six-month-old child. Which developmental skills are normal and should be expected?


a. Speaks in short sentences.
b. Sits alone.
c. Can feed self with a spoon.
d. Pulling up to a standing position.

Answer B.

 The child develops language skills between the ages of one and three. A six-month-old child is learning to sit alone. The child begins to use a spoon at 12-15 months of age. The baby pulls himself to a standing position about ten months of age.

Methods of developing a child’s skills vary, according to parenting styles, and motor skills and motor control after birth are among the most important skills that you must develop in your child because they will progress with his growth, and good control of his motor skills helps the child to explore the world around him, which helps him in Develop many other skills.
In our article, we will try to cover the most important skills that you should develop in children as a parent or caregiver for a child, and we will discuss ways and means to develop the child's skills, in addition to tips that support you in your choices of methods for developing the child's skills.

Child skills development

What is the importance of developing skills in children?
Develops infants, toddlers and school-age children; New skills and abilities steadily grow as they age, and of course each child develops at an individual pace that is different and distinct from his brothers, sisters or peers. Using checklists for the normal development of the child may be; Useful for parents who want to ensure that their child's development is proceeding healthily in key areas of development [1]:

  • physical development
  • Cognitive development (thinking skills)
  • Language development
  • Social emotional development
You can also see a specialized pediatrician who may use different lists to check the child's growth and development, in addition to the importance of remembering that each child differs in terms of developing and developing skills from other children, for example some children may start walking as early as 9 or 10 months, while others don't start walking until about 14 to 15 months or even later.

By looking at the different developmental stages, parents, doctors and teachers can; understand how children typically develop and monitor any potential developmental problems, and by understanding these developmental milestones and what age range is typical for a child to reach; You can monitor your baby's growth and development.

From the foregoing, it becomes clear the importance of developing the child’s skills of all kinds, and knowing the strategies that you have to use to develop the child’s skills at every age stage, for example when you have two children, one of whom is able to interact smoothly with others, thus making friends and winning the love of others easily, you can teach the other child these skills Social as well, because they are acquired skills.. It is important for the child to have the ability to understand the significance of his relationship with others, and to be able to empathize and interact with others, as well as to have the ability to adapt in uncomfortable situations (that cause him embarrassment, for example) [2].

The same applies to the importance of developing cognitive skills, which develop in the early stages of childhood from birth until the age of five years, and among the most important of these skills [3]:

  • Attention and response.
  • Language learning.
  • memory.
  • thinking.
  • Data processing.
  • solving problems.
  • Simple logic.
  • Understanding cause and effect.
Therefore, it is very important to focus on developing the child’s cognitive skills from an early age, because it will be the basis through which the child will deal with his entire life, as research has shown that there is a strong link between the child’s development in early childhood, and the level of success he achieves later in life. his life.


The most important skills for the development of the child

What are the most important skills that you have to develop in a child?

As we mentioned above, cognitive and social skills are among the most important skills that you must work to develop in a child, so that he will have it from early childhood. Social skills or non-verbal signals, you can work on them to develop the child's social skills in the following way [2]:

  • 2 to 3 years old: Able to attract the attention of others, initiate social verbal communication (by saying hello or make a physical expression by looking at the person they are talking to), and has the ability to laugh at silly things.
  • From 3 to 4 years old: Able to take turns playing with a doll, and the child begins verbal communication with expressive words.
  • 4-5 years old: are able to show more cooperation with other children, use direct requests (such as pause), and are more able to chat during play.
  • Ages 5 to 6: Able to deal with his friends politely, saying "I'm sorry", "please" or "thank you" and is more able to bargain, also enters into competitive games, understands fair play and enjoys good sportsmanship.
Here are the most important social skills that must be developed in the child, given the benefits that he will reap, starting with acceptance among peers and controlling the level of stress that the child may experience in the nursery or in his early school years [4]:

  • Participation: Children are usually selfish between the ages of 3-6 years, but later they are more able to share. In general, studies show that children who feel good about themselves are more able to share, which makes them feel good about themselves as well, so teaching them to share may The key is to boost their self-esteem.
  • Cooperation: Like participation, the skill of cooperation carries many benefits for the child today and in the future.
  • Listening: which does not mean that the child maintains calm, but that he understands what others say to him, follows up on what he listens to deeply, participates, and asks for clarification of a detail that he did not understand.
  • Follow instructions and abide by the rules: Children love to adhere to clear instructions, and to understand what parents expect from them, and of course you have to praise your child for always adhering to your directions.
  • Respecting personal boundaries: It is important to teach your child the importance of respecting other people's personal spaces, and protecting their own as well.
  • The importance of eye contact: Teach your child the importance of eye contact when he is listening or speaking, and be careful in teaching a shy child the skill of good eye contact.
  • Good Manners: You have to set a moral example for your children first and foremost.
You can also enhance some important skills of the child; Teamwork, adaptability, critical thinking, problem-solving, self-control, and working memory, through [5]:

  • Teamwork: by playing with a friend or when helping with housework.
  • Adaptability: which should be developed from an early stage in a child's life.
  • Critical thinking: the ability to take in new information and determine the best way to use it.
  • Problem-solving ability: It can help children become more successful adults.
  • Self-control: Whether during a fight between siblings, a child getting angry before bedtime, or crying for some reason, all children suffer from self-control at some point.
  • Develop working memory: which helps the child follow directions and adhere to instructions.

Ways to develop children's skills

How to develop the skills of the child according to the age stage
Children acquire most of their skills through play, and this is how they explore the world around them. You should encourage them to learn new skills while playing. Play supports a child's physical, social, emotional, language and cognitive development. Children develop the following cognitive skills through play [6]:

  • solving problems.
  • The power of imagination and creativity.
  • Concepts such as shapes, colours, measure, counting and letter recognition.
  • Strengths such as focus, perseverance and resilience.
You can also develop the child's skills while playing and encourage him to learn through:

  • Share with the school and the teacher about your child's interests and abilities, so that they can plan your child's play experiences at school or nursery... based on that.
  • Playing with your child Don't leave a chance to play with your children during the day.
  • advocate for safe play spaces for children; In your local community (building, neighborhood or village).
You can also help your child and teach him the life skills necessary for him, according to the age he is going through [7]:

  • Between the ages of 2-3 years: Teach him self-reliance skills, such as getting dressed and brushing his teeth with your help.
  • Between the ages of 4-5 years: You have to teach your child safety skills, his full name, phone number and home phone, and how to help you with simple housework.
  • Between the ages of 6-7 years: You can teach the child safe cooking techniques, arrange his room, toys and other things that enhance his self-reliance.
  • Between the ages of 8-9 years: the skills of maintaining his personal belongings and hygiene.
  • Between the ages of 10-13 years: when the child begins to perform most of his life skills independently of you.
  • Between the ages of 14-18 years: when the child is proficient in the skills of his independent life, such as doing complete cleaning work and relying on himself in purchases.

Tips for developing child skills

Tips to help you develop your child's life skills

You can follow certain strategies; Promote the development of your child's basic life skills from early childhood, and to actively participate in the child's cognitive development from the beginning of his life, here are the most important tips that can help you in developing the child's skills [2] [3]:

  • Teach empathy: Test out different scenarios by asking your child how others might feel when certain things happen, and substitute different situations each time.
  • Practice social initiatives: Teach a child the appropriate way to start a conversation, get someone's attention, or join a group of children playing together.
  • Being with and only for the child during the day: Sit with your child for at least an hour a day, play with him, join him, watch his favorite show or do his homework.
  • Talk to your baby: You can start this from the stage of pregnancy, because language learning is one of the important aspects of a child's cognitive development.
  • Help your baby learn the names of things: As soon as your baby is born, keep talking to him and him and share with him the names of the surrounding things, which contributes to increasing his thinking power and helps him learn languages faster.
  • Singing and reading to your child: Studies have shown that music helps children develop healthy skills, because it is calming and creates a positive environment.
  • Let Your Kids Explore and Observe: Babies have a natural curiosity for things around them, and they should be allowed to explore and learn things through observation. Overprotective parents may hinder a child's normal development and ability to learn thus.
  • Answer your child's questions: When your child grows up and starts asking questions, answer them accurately and patiently, children are naturally curious, and you must stimulate your children's curiosity, as it will help them learn.
  • Encourage Creative Play: Creative play enhances children's cognitive skills. Allowing children to use their imagination is beneficial, as they can imagine themselves in different roles and can eventually learn a lot.
  • Encourage your child's interest in books and puzzles: Children can increase their focus, patience and sense of achievement when they solve puzzles, books are a great way to spark imagination, and reading aloud helps children build their vocabulary and language skills.
  • Engage in outdoor play: Studies have shown that stimulating environments such as the outdoors; It can stimulate greater development of the part of the brain responsible for thinking, perceiving and understanding languages.
  • Tell stories to your children: Storytelling is an important tool that helps children develop their imagination and enhance their motivation to learn. It also helps develop openness to new ideas, problem-solving abilities, risk-taking strategies, and the ability to reach decision-making.
In the end, encourage your child to tell stories not only to enhance his imagination, but also to develop his language skills, reading comprehension, pronunciation, grammar, and social skills. You should also support your child's hobbies, so that they can be educational tools that enhance his skills and may lead him to his future profession.

The nurse is assessing a four month-old infant. The nurse would anticipate finding that the infant would be able to.. Hold a rattle

The nurse is assessing a four month-old infant.
The nurse would anticipate finding that the infant would be able to:


a- Hold a rattle
b- Bang two blocks
c- Drink from a cup
d- Wave “bye-bye”

Answer A.
The age at which a baby will develop the skill of grasping a toy with help is 4 to 6 months.

A pregnant woman is advised to alter her diet during pregnancy by increasing her protein and Vitamin C to meet the needs of the growing fetus

A pregnant woman is advised to alter her diet during pregnancy by increasing her protein and Vitamin C to meet the needs of the growing fetus.
Which diet BEST meets the client’s needs?

a- Scrambled egg, hash browned potatoes, half-glass of buttermilk, large nectarine

b- 3oz. chicken, ½ C. corn, lettuce salad, small banana

c- 1 C. macaroni, ¾ C. peas, glass whole milk, medium pear

d- Beef, ½ C. lima beans, glass of skim milk, ¾ C. strawberries

Answer D.
Beef and beans are an excellent source of protein as is skim milk.
Strawberries are a good source of Vitamin C.

The nurse is caring for residents in a long term care setting for the elderly.. Reminiscence groups

The nurse is caring for residents in a long term care setting for the elderly. Which of the following activities will be MOST effective in meeting the growth and development needs for persons in this age group?
a. Aerobic exercise classes
b. Transportation for shopping trips
c. Reminiscence groups
d. Regularly scheduled social activities

Answer C.
According to Erikson”s theory, older adults need to find and accept the meaningfulness of their lives, or they may become depressed, angry, and fear death. Reminiscing contributes to successful adaptation by maintaining self-esteem, reaffirming identity, and working through loss.

A woman who is six months pregnant is seen in antepartal clinic. She states she is having trouble with constipation.. increase her fluid intake to three liters/day

A woman who is six months pregnant is seen in antepartal clinic. She states she is having trouble with constipation. To minimize this condition, the nurse should instruct her to:
a. increase her fluid intake to three liters/day.
b. request a prescription for a laxative from her physician.
c. stop taking iron supplements.
d. take two tablespoons of mineral oil daily.

Answer A.
In pregnancy, constipation results from decreased gastric motility and increased water reabsorption in the colon caused by increased levels of progesterone. Increasing fluid intake to three liters a day will help prevent constipation. The client should increase fluid intake, increase roughage in the diet, and increase exercise as tolerated. Laxatives are not recommended because of the possible development of laxative dependence or abdominal cramping. Iron supplements are necessary during pregnancy, as ordered, and should not be discontinued. The client should increase fluid intake, increase roughage in the diet, and increase exercise as tolerated. Laxatives are not recommended because of the possible development of laxative dependence or abdominal cramping. Mineral oil is especially bad to use as a laxative because it decreases the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) if taken near mealtimes.

When caring for an elderly client it is important to keep in mind the changes in color vision that may occur.. Blue and green

When caring for an elderly client it is important to keep in mind the changes in color vision that may occur. What colors are apt to be most difficult for the elderly to distinguish?
a. Red and blue.
b. Blue and gold.
c. Red and green.
d. Blue and green.

Answer D.
The elderly are better able to distinguish between red and blue because of the difference in wavelengths. Red and green color blindness is an inherited disorder that is unrelated to age. The elderly have poor blue-green discrimination. The effects of age are greatest on short wavelengths. These changes are related to the yellowing of the lens with age.

The nurse is evaluating a new mother feeding her newborn.. Holding the bottle so the nipple is always filled with formula

The nurse is evaluating a new mother feeding her newborn. Which observation indicates the mother understands proper feeding methods for her newborn?
a. Holding the bottle so the nipple is always filled with formula.
b. Allowing her seven – pound baby to sleep after taking 1 ½ ounces from the bottle.
c. Burping the baby every ten minutes during the feeding.
d. Warming the formula bottle in the microwave for 15 seconds and giving it directly to the baby.

Answer A.
Holding the bottle so the nipple is always filled with formula prevents the baby from sucking air. Sucking air can cause gastric distention and intestinal gas pains. A seven-pound baby should be getting 50 calories per pound: 350 calories per day. Standardized formulas have 20 calories per ounce. This seven-pound baby needs 17.5 ounces per day. 17.5 ounces per day divided by 6-8 feedings equals 2-3 ounces per feeding. A normal newborn without feeding problems could be burped halfway through the feeding and again at the end. If burping needs to be at intervals, it should be done by ounces or half ounces, not minutes. Microwaving is not recommended as a method of warming due to the uneven heating of the formula. If used, the formula should be shaken after warming and the temperature then checked with a drop on the wrist. The recommended method of warming is to place the bottle in a pan of hot water to warm, and then check the temperature on the wrist before feeding.

The nurse prepares for a Denver Screening test with a 3 year-old child in the clinic. The mother asks the nurse to explain the purpose of the test.. Assesses a child’s development

The nurse prepares for a Denver Screening test with a 3 year-old child in the clinic. The mother asks the nurse to explain the purpose of the test. The BEST response is to tell her that the test
a. Measures potential intelligence
b. Assesses a child’s development
c. Evaluates psychological responses
d. Diagnoses specific problems

Answer B.
The Denver Developmental Test II is a screening test to assess children from birth through 6 years in personal/social, fine motor adaptive, language and gross motor development. A child experiences the fun of play during the test.

A woman who is 32 years old and 35 weeks pregnant has had rupture of membranes for eight hours and is 4 cm dilated.. Frequent temperature monitoring

A woman who is 32 years old and 35 weeks pregnant has had rupture of membranes for eight hours and is 4 cm dilated. Since she is a candidate for infection, the nurse should include which of the following in the care plan?
a. Universal precautions.
b. Oxytocin administration.
c. Frequent temperature monitoring.
d. More frequent vaginal examinations.

Answer C.
Universal precautions are necessary for all clients but a specific assessment of the client’s temperature will give an indication the client is becoming infected. Oxytocin may be needed to induce labor if it is not progressing, but it is not done initially.Temperature elevation will indicate beginning infection. This is the most important measure to help assess the client for infections, since the lost mucous plug and the ruptured membranes increase the potential for ascending bacteria from the reproductive tract. This will infect the fetus, membranes, and uterine cavity. More frequent vaginal examinations are not recommended, as frequent vaginal exams can increase chances of infection.

While giving nursing care to a hospitalized adolescent, the nurse should be aware that the MAJOR threat felt by the hospitalized adolescent is.. Altered body image

While giving nursing care to a hospitalized adolescent, the nurse should be aware that the MAJOR threat felt by the hospitalized adolescent is:
a. Pain management
b. Restricted physical activity
c. Altered body image
d. Separation from family

Answer C.
The hospitalized adolescent may see each of these as a threat, but the major threat that they feel when hospitalized is the fear of altered body image, because of the emphasis on physical appearance.

The nurse is caring for the mother of a newborn. The nurse recognizes that the mother needs more teaching regarding cord care because she.. washes the cord and surrounding area well with water at each diaper change

The nurse is caring for the mother of a newborn. The nurse recognizes that the mother needs more teaching regarding cord care because she:
a. keeps the cord exposed to the air.
b. washes her hands before sponge bathing her baby.
c. washes the cord and surrounding area well with water at each diaper change.
d. checks it daily for bleeding and drainage.

Answer C.
Exposure to air helps dry the cord. Good hand washing is the prime mechanism for preventing infection. Washing the surrounding area is fine but wetting the cord keeps it moist and predisposes it to infection. It is important to check for complications of bleeding and drainage that might occur.
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