Showing posts with label Speical. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Speical. Show all posts

Arthrography: A Visual Insight into Joint Health

What is Arthrography?

Arthrography is a diagnostic imaging technique that provides detailed images of a joint. It's particularly useful for diagnosing joint conditions that may not be visible on standard X-rays.

How Does Arthrography Work?

  • Contrast Dye Injection: A local anesthetic is administered to numb the area around the joint. Then, a thin needle is inserted into the joint, and a contrast dye is injected. This dye highlights the joint's structures, making them more visible on subsequent imaging.
  • Imaging: After the contrast dye is injected, an X-ray, MRI, or CT scan is performed to capture detailed images of the joint.

Why is Arthrography Used?

Arthrography is often used to:
  • Diagnose joint conditions: It can help identify issues like tears in ligaments or cartilage, bone spurs, and other abnormalities.
  • Guide therapeutic procedures: Arthrography can help guide the placement of needles during procedures like joint injections or aspiration.

Common Joints Examined with Arthrography:

  • Knee: To diagnose meniscus tears, ligament damage, or cartilage problems.
  • Shoulder: To evaluate rotator cuff tears, labral tears, and other shoulder joint issues.
  • Hip: To assess hip joint damage and cartilage tears.
  • Ankle: To diagnose ligament sprains, tendon tears, and other ankle injuries.
  • Wrist: To evaluate ligament and tendon injuries, as well as bone fractures.

Advantages of Arthrography:

  • Detailed Imaging: Provides clear images of joint structures, including cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.
  • Minimal Invasiveness: A relatively simple procedure with minimal risk of complications.
  • Quick Results: Results are often available within a few days.

Potential Risks and Side Effects:

While arthrography is generally safe, potential risks and side effects include:
  • Infection: There is a small risk of infection at the injection site.
  • Bleeding: Some bleeding may occur at the injection site.
  • Pain and Swelling: Temporary discomfort and swelling may occur after the procedure.
  • Allergic Reaction: In rare cases, an allergic reaction to the contrast dye may occur.
By understanding the procedure and potential risks, you can make informed decisions about your healthcare. If you have concerns about joint pain or injury, consult with a healthcare professional to discuss whether arthrography is the right diagnostic tool for you.

Raiograhpic examination of urinary bladder and the urethra with the CM during urination called.. retrograte urography

Raiograhpic examination of urinary bladder and the urethra with the CM during urination called:

  • A- retrograte urography
  • B- M.C.U.G
  • C- IVU
  • D- cystogram.

The correct answer is B- M.C.U.G.

Explanation:

  • M.C.U.G stands for Micturition Cystourethrogram. It's a radiological examination that involves injecting a contrast agent into the bladder and then capturing images while the patient urinates. This allows for visualization of the bladder and urethra during the act of urination.
  • Retrograde urography involves injecting contrast agent directly into the urethra and then capturing images as it flows upwards into the bladder. This is primarily used to evaluate the upper urinary tract, not the bladder and urethra during urination.
  • IVU stands for Intravenous Urography. It involves injecting contrast agent into the bloodstream, which is then filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. While it can visualize the urinary tract, including the bladder and urethra, it doesn't specifically capture images during urination.
  • Cystogram is a general term for any radiological examination of the bladder. However, M.C.U.G is the specific type that captures images during urination.
Therefore, M.C.U.G is the most appropriate term for the radiological examination described in the question.

which of the following barium - filled anatomic structures is best demonstrated in the LAO position: iliocecal valve

which of the following barium - filled anatomic structures is best demonstrated in the LAO position:

  • A. hepatic flexure.
  • B. splenic flexure.
  • C. sigmoid colon.
  • D. iliocecal valve.

The correct answer is d. iliocecal valve.

The LAO (left anterior oblique) position is a radiographic position in which the patient is lying on their left side with their right hip flexed and abducted. This position is used to visualize the iliocecal valve, which is located at the junction of the ileum and the cecum.

The other options are not as well visualized in the LAO position:

A. hepatic flexure:

The hepatic flexure is located at the junction of the transverse colon and the ascending colon. It is best visualized in the right posterior oblique (RPO) position.

B. splenic flexure:

The splenic flexure is located at the junction of the transverse colon and the descending colon. It is best visualized in the left posterior oblique (LPO) position.

C. sigmoid colon:

The sigmoid colon is located in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen. It is best visualized in the prone position.
Therefore, the iliocecal valve is the best demonstrated barium-filled anatomic structure in the LAO position.

In I.V.U. examination, patient may have.. metallic taste in the mouth

In I.V.U. examination, patient may have:

  • A- nausea.
  • B- vomiting.
  • C- metallic taste in the mouth.
  • D- All are true.
  • E- All are wrong.

The correct answer is: D- All are true.

Here's why:

- Nausea and vomiting:

These are common side effects of the contrast dye used in an I.V.U. examination, affecting up to 20% of patients.

- Metallic taste in the mouth:

This is also a common side effect, occurring in about 10% of patients. It's caused by the contrast dye passing through the bloodstream and reaching the taste buds.

- Other side effects:

While not mentioned in your options, an I.V.U. can also cause other side effects such as flushing, sweating, dizziness, and pain at the injection site.

Therefore, all three options listed (nausea, vomiting, and metallic taste) can occur in I.V.U. examinations, making D- All are true the correct answer.

fluoroscopic imaging of the ileocecal valve is generally part of.. small -bowel series

fluoroscopic imaging of the ileocecal valve is generally part of:

  • A. esophagram
  • B. upper GI series
  • C. small -bowel series
  • D. ERCP

The correct answer is: C. small-bowel series

Here's why:

- Esophagram (A):

Primarily focuses on the esophagus and upper part of the stomach, not reaching the ileocecal valve.

- Upper GI series (B):

Similar to an esophagram, typically covers the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, excluding the ileocecal valve.

- ERCP (D):

Examines the bile ducts and pancreatic duct, not the ileocecal valve.

- Small-bowel series (C):

Specifically designed to visualize the entire small intestine, including the ileum and the ileocecal valve. Fluoroscopic imaging plays a crucial role in this procedure to assess motility, detect abnormalities, and confirm contrast medium passage through the entire small bowel and into the cecum.

Therefore, fluoroscopic imaging of the ileocecal valve is most commonly associated with a small-bowel series.

which the following structures is located in the LUQ

which the following structures is located in the LUQ:

  • 1. stomach
  • 2. spleen
  • 3. cecum
  • a. one only
  • a. 1 and 2 only
  • b. 1 and 3 only
  • c. 1,2 and 3

The answer is a. 1 and 2 only.

The LUQ (left upper quadrant) is a region of the abdomen that is located in the upper left portion of the body. The following structures are located in the LUQ:

- Stomach:

The stomach is a J-shaped organ that is located in the upper left portion of the abdomen. It is responsible for storing and digesting food.

- Spleen:

The spleen is an organ that is located in the upper left portion of the abdomen. It is responsible for filtering blood and fighting infection.

The following structures are not located in the LUQ:

- Cecum:

The cecum is a pouch that is located in the lower right portion of the abdomen. It is the first part of the large intestine.

So the correct answer is a. 1 and 2 only.

all of the following statements regarding large-bowel radiography are true except.. single-contrast studies help to demonstrate polyps

all of the following statements regarding large-bowel radiography are true except:

a- the large bowel must be completely empty prior to examination

b- retained fecal material can simulate pathology

c- single-contrast studies help to demonstrate polyps

d- double-contrast studies help to demonstrate intraluminal lesions

myelography is diagnostic examination used to demonstrate.. extrinsic spinal cord compression resulting from disk herniation

myelography is diagnostic examination used to demonstrate

1- extrinsic spinal cord compression resulting from disk herniation

2- post-traumatic swelling of the spinal cord

3- internal disk lesions

a- one only

a- 1 and 2 only

b- 1 and 3 only

c- 1,2 and 3

Myelography uses a form of real-time radiography called fluoroscopy and an injection of contrast material to evaluate the spinal cord, nerve roots and medulla lining (meninges).
It is particularly useful for evaluating the spine after surgery and for evaluating disc abnormalities in patients who cannot undergo MRI.
You will be instructed on how to prepare.
Talk to your doctor if there is any chance you are pregnant and tell him about any recent illness, medical condition, medications you are taking, and allergies (especially iodine contrast materials).
You will be advised to stop taking blood thinning agents and other medications for several days before your exam.
You may also be asked to avoid solid foods and increase your fluid intake before the test. Leave jewelry at home and wear comfortable and comfortable clothes.
You may be asked to wear a dressing gown.
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