Showing posts with label Digestive endothelium. Show all posts

Detection of bacterial contamination in the small intestine.. Cases of inflammation or increase bacterial reproduction. Blind loop syndrome (intestinal stasis) that predisposes to increasing germs inside the intestine

Detection of bacterial contamination in the small intestine:

Bacterial contamination of the small intestine, also known as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), is a condition in which an excessive amount of bacteria are present in the small intestine. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, bloating, gas, abdominal pain, and fatigue.

There are a number of factors that can predispose to SIBO, including:

- Structural abnormalities of the small intestine:

This can include things like diverticulosis, fistulas, and strictures. These abnormalities can create pockets or blind loops in the intestine where bacteria can grow and accumulate.

- Motility disorders:

This can include things like gastroparesis and intestinal dysmotility. These disorders can slow down the movement of food through the small intestine, which can allow bacteria to overgrow.

- Gastric acid hyposecretion:

Gastric acid normally helps to kill bacteria in the stomach. If there is not enough gastric acid, bacteria can survive and pass into the small intestine, where they can overgrow.

- Diabetes:

Diabetes can damage the nerves that control the movement of food through the small intestine. This can lead to intestinal dysmotility and SIBO.

- Medications:

Some medications, such as antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, and immunosuppressants, can increase the risk of SIBO.

- Illness or surgery:

Recent illness or surgery can temporarily disrupt the normal functioning of the small intestine and increase the risk of SIBO.

There are a number of tests that can be used to diagnose SIBO, including:

- Hydrogen breath test:

This is a non-invasive test that measures the amount of hydrogen gas in the breath. Hydrogen gas is produced by bacteria in the small intestine, so an elevated level of hydrogen gas in the breath can indicate SIBO.

- Culture of aspirated small intestinal fluid:

This test involves aspirating a sample of fluid from the small intestine and culturing it for bacteria. This can help to identify the specific types of bacteria that are causing the SIBO.

- Endoscopy:

An endoscopy is a procedure that uses a camera to look inside the small intestine. This can help to identify structural abnormalities that may be predisposing to SIBO.

Treatment:

Treatment for SIBO depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, treating the underlying cause may be enough to resolve the SIBO. In other cases, antibiotics may be necessary to kill the excess bacteria.

Prevention:

Here are some tips for preventing SIBO:

- Eat a healthy diet:

A healthy diet that is high in fiber and low in sugar can help to promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut.

- Take probiotics:

Probiotics are live bacteria that can help to restore the balance of bacteria in the gut.

- Manage underlying medical conditions:

If you have an underlying medical condition that predisposes you to SIBO, such as diabetes or a motility disorder, it is important to manage your condition properly.

- Talk to your doctor:

If you are concerned about SIBO, talk to your doctor. They can help you determine if you need testing and recommend the best treatment for you.

Small intestine.. Duodenum. Fasting. Thyroid. A padded bag for the abdominal wall is the peritoneal sac that is attached to the mesarika

Small intestine:
- The small intestine starts with the duodenum, then the jejunum, then the ileum. The urethra is positioned horizontally, while the ileum is placed vertically in the pelvis and the bowel diameter gradually decreases to the dorsal parenchyma.
- The length of the small intestine in the living person is 3 meters, and when the death relaxes to 6 meters.
The twelve are fixed in the four parts (with a treitz angle) to the posterior abdominal wall, which distinguishes it from other parts of the small intestine (fasting and glaucoma), which are free and unproven (in the words of the doctor). The reason is that the intestine must move to digest And absorb the vast amounts of food that will pass through them.
- The fasting person and the du'aa 'gather a padded bag for the abdominal wall, which is the bag of the peritoneum, which is fixed with the mesarika.
- Interference of vessels and veins through mesentery.

Colon.. It starts with a pallor and reduces its diameter until it reaches the rectum. The outer muscle layer of the colon is not continuous and not overlapping

Colon:
- length of 1.5 m.
- Begins and reduces the diameter until it reaches the rectum.
- Stabilized in the abdominal wall, except the colon and the colon are not fixed (free) so there is a mesentery.
- The outer layer of the muscle of the colon is not continuous and not intertwined and we find the muscles firmly (such as strips).
- There is also a colorectal graft pathway that is not present in the intestines.

Intestinal arteriosclerosis.. Upper mesenteric artery. Upper mesenteric vein. Thoracic canal - lymphatic drainage. Angular vessels in the villus

Bowel Tumor:
- Upper mesenteric artery: aortic branch under the celiac stem.
Upper mesenteric vein: All that is absorbed from the intestine (except long chain fat) will pass compulsively to the upper mesenteric vein to go to the bulbous sentence and then "forced" to the liver (plant and waste).
Note: The union of the upper, lower, and spleen mesenteric vein forms the vein of the door that carries the absorbed material to the liver, which passes the material it wants (non-toxic). The toxic substances make it combine and bind with another substance to be put into the urine.
The long-chain fat (more than 12 carbon atoms and the bulk of the fat we eat) is obtained through the clitoral vessels in the vesicles. These vessels are placed in the thoracic canal without ever passing through the bulbous bulk. This canal is located at the junction of the left subcellular vein With the left inferior jugular vein.

Tumor of the colon.. Upper and lower mesenteric artery and vein. Extranous branch of inferior valvular artery. The lower hemorrhoid vein that connects the papillary sentence with the systemic systemic vein

Colon Tumors:
Arteries:
Right colon: Upper mesenteric artery.
Left colon: Lower mesenteric artery.
- Bottom of the rectum: the extensor branch of the lower hemorrhoidal artery.
Veins:
- Upper and lower mesenteric vein (same as previous talk about arterial perfusion applies to veins).
- Down the rectum of the lower hemorrhoid vein that connects the sentence with the systemic venous sentence, so when hyperthermia in the vein of the door expands this vein, and we call these expansions of the hemorrhoids exceeded the resemblance (but here is caused by hyperthermia and the door and form the area of the convergence of the portal rotary system).

Lymphatic drainage of colon and intestines.. Chest canal. Mesenteric angiography. The origin of the arteries of the aorta and the vein of the veins of the door

Lymphatic drainage of colon and intestines:
1 - Thoracic canal: the behavior of lymphatic circulation of the intestines.
2 - lymphatic drainage of the colon:
3 groups of lymph nodes are made:
- About the colon.
- On the path of the mesenteric vessels (arteries + veins).
- At the origin of the arteries of the aorta and the vein of the vein of the door.
Except the anus where the lymphatic discharge goes directly towards the ganglia contract, so when an anal cancer is encountered we do not look for transitions in the inner nodes (mesentery) but look at the contractions exclusively. And vice versa in colorectal cancer where we look for transitions in the previous three groups.

Colon irritation.. Curvature between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers (Auerbach) and between the muscle and mucosal layers - Maisner

Colon Infection:
- Friendly and sympathetic tenderness: It combines in the form of braids between the long and circular muscle layers (Auerbach plexus) and between the muscle and mucus layers (Meisner).
- Peer-to-peer: through the pulmonary nerve + gastrointestinal nerves of macular origin.
- Dehydration: by the visceral nerves (of sacral origin).

Components of the lining of the lining of the intestine.. Mucosal cells. Endothelial cells. Panet cells. Deaths. Cholestyocinine. Somatostatin. Gastrin, Kimoterpsin

This layer contains 4 different basic cell types:
Enterocytes (80%) play an important role in absorption.
Notes:
- The intestinal flora is a group of intestinal cells (there are about 40 flies / mm 2 in the drip).
- Tumors are inserted into the mucous layer and the Librocon glands, which are often located in the bottom of the pancreatic cells.
- Each tube contains microscopic vesicles (about 2000 micrographs that make the absorbent surface in the intestine about 200 m 2). There are also polycyclic plaques in these intestines and there are also very important digestive enzymes.
Abstract: The intestinal epidermis is coagulated to form a villus. It also penetrates into the special plate to give the libron glands. In the dermis, the epidermis reaches the subcutaneous layer to give the Brunner glands.
B) Calciforme cells that provide mucous secretions that contribute to the lubrication of the "intestine" within the intestine, which constitutes 15% of the epithelial cells.
C - Endocrine cells: give the digestive hormones with many functions such as:
- Motulin: incites movement.
- Colicastocinin: cck absorbs gallbladder and stimulates the secretion of yeast from the pancreas.
- Somatostatin: inhibitor.
- Gastrin, Kimoterpsin, VIP, GIP.
A few are not related to the glare of the intestine as they release their hormones directly into the blood.
Paneth cells: cells that secrete substances similar to pancreatic enzymes. They also perform a defensive function (phagocytosis), which is located deep in the libreon glands.
Note: The rate of regeneration of the intestinal cells is 3 to 4 days, so we can conclude that the least cancers encountered in the gastrointestinal tract are the small intestine cancers (colon and stomach) due to rapid cell regeneration (a cancerous growth will change cells quickly after 3 - 4 days).

Histological anatomy of the small intestine.. External serous layer. The muscle layer is external, longitudinal and circular. Subcutaneous layer. Mucous layer

If we have a longitudinal section of the intestine we find 4 layers of tissue are arranged from the outside to the inside:
1 - The outer serous layer: It is the visceral vertebra of the peritoneum, it encapsulates the entire fasting and dandruff, and covers the front face of the bum only, and the face of the back of the cuff does not cover a serous layer, so the possibility of bleeding ulcers on the face of the back of the cuff more than the front, Cover with a serpent.
2 - muscle layer: It is two layers of muscle:
- Longitudinal: Be in the colon in the form of non-continuous packages.
- Indoor circular.
3 - Subcellular layer: Vascular mass (connective fibers + vascular endings), and contains in the area of the beginning (bulb) on the glands called glands Brunner Brunner plays an important role in the modification of acidity of the material coming from the stomach by its components (Bicarbonat + alkaline materials).
4. The mucous layer: A single layer of epithelial (lining of the small intestine) covering the special plate (Koreans). The mucous layer is separated from the mucous membrane by a thin layer of smooth muscular muscle fibers.

Causes of lack of cancer of the small intestine.. Fast passage of food within the small intestine compared to the colon. The strength of the immune system in the intestine

Factors That Make Cervical Osteoporosis Undertaker Digestive Tumors:
1 - speed of renewal of intestinal cells.
2 - the speed of passage of food within the small intestine compared to the colon: This reduces the time of contact of the intestinal cells with carcinogenic factors.
3- There is a very strong immune system in the intestine.

Structure of the intestinal villus.. A connective tissue containing blood vessels and lymphatic to transfer the fat absorbed to the thoracic canal. Broke muscle to make the fly erect

The vertebrae is a connective tissue that contains blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. Each villus contains an arterial branch that brings blood to it. The branches of the veins are located at the contact of the veins with the intestinal skin, so that the absorption process takes place.
The intestinal flora also contains lymphatic vessels (kyllis), which transfer the fat absorbed into the thoracic canal.
The mucus also contains part of the muscle mucosa is the muscle of Brock and its function to make the fly erect.
In addition, in the special plate there are lymphocytes. These leaks at the end of the urethra take an intense form called the Bayer plaques, forming a strong defensive line.

Histopathology of the colon.. The absence of Panet cells. Intestinal cell deficiency. Increase mucosal mucous cells and secretion of mucus to feces

Histopathology of the colon:
The bowel is very similar, but we note:
- Atrophy of intestinal dysentery.
- The absence of Panet cells (because there is no need for pancreatic secretions).
- Lack of intestinal cells.
Lepron's glands remain at the bottom of the droplets.
- Increase mucous mucous cells and thus increase mucus secretion for the lubrication of the stool, especially as the feces become more severe and "dry" towards the left colon.

Physiology of the digestive system.. esophagus. Stomach. Intestine. Liver. Pancreas. Colon

Each part of the digestive system can be compared to:
- Esophagus: Barbish.
When the food reaches the stomach, the heart closes and the laurel begins to mix. The stomach begins to mix to increase the contact surface with the enzymes. When the mixing ends, the doorman opens and the movements begin to empty the food. The water is emptied first (the least silky), then the more silky. The fat is emptied, as the speed of passage in the doorman is inversely proportional to the amount of calories.
- The intestines: a suction pump
- Liver: laboratory and waste.
- pancreas: digestive gland.
Colon: An additional kidney absorbs what a lack of absorption.

Functions of the small intestine.. Absorption. Excretion. Immunotherapy. Kinetics

Functions of the small intestine:
1- Absorption function (basic).
2 - function of secretion.
3 - immune function.
4- Motor function.

Absorption function in the small intestine.. Passive propagation mechanism. Spread of Dissolved Molecules. ACTIVE TRANSPORTATION BY TRANSFER MATERIAL. Preserving. Exchange between electrolytes

Absorption of multiple mechanisms within the intestine.
1. Passive diffusion mechanism:
- This propagation is carried out through the chemical or electrolytic gradient, ie from the high-concentration medium (intestine) to the low-concentration medium (blood).
- Active diffusion does not require energy, nor does it need vectors.
- Can be followed by:
Facilitated diffusion (eg passive dispersion but needs transport and also does not require energy)
Exchange between electrolytes (eg exchange of potassium, hydrogen, chlorine and carbonate).
2 - the spread of dissolved molecules: Solvent drugs:
- in which dissolved molecules pass through the water during absorption (ie, the interference of substances by means of the medium and the control and the intestine).
3- Active transport:
- In which the material is transferred in reverse electrolytic or chemical.
- and therefore needs energy and also requires the presence of vectors.
- This mechanism is found in the stomach cells where the concentration of acid inside the stomach is higher, but it is produced opposite the direction of the electrode.
- Can be followed by:
The method of mating non-salads such as glucose and amino acids: Of course this process needs energy.
Ie, that the intestine in the active transport by the substance of texi and the disappearance of falsehood.
In the method of mating noncellular bodies, the tacos are the sodium but the phthalates are not in one place, the amino acid, or the sugar.
Example of active transport: HCL secretion occurs in the stomach, although the density of H in the stomach is large, ie, secretion occurs contrary to the concentration gradient.
4- Pinocytosis:
In addition, a small membrane (such as pharyngeal) is inserted into the membrane to be absorbed into the intestine. This absorption mechanism is seen especially in children due to the immaturity of their absorption mechanisms.

Absorption of water and electrolytes in the small intestine.. Sodium hydroxide. Potassium and chlorine. Liver and pancreas secretions

- The intestines, colon and kidneys are essential organs in the balance of water and electrolytes in the body.
A-Na +:
- Sodium is the primary residual responsible for the mobility of water and electrolytes in the small intestine (ie, the absorption of sodium has a role in the absorption of water), where its influence from the top down, and increases active transport from top to bottom (ie, the absorption of sodium at the end of the ileum through active transport ).
B - Chloride Cl- and Potassium Chloride K +:
- Potassium and chlorine are absorbed in the fasting.
H) water absorption + non-oxidant decomposed molecules (glucose and amino acids) ↔ water and electrolytes.
If the colon has 6 liquids, its source is as follows:
- Please.
- 1 for saliva.
- 2 for gastric detachments.
2 for liver and pancreas secretions. These liquids are re-absorbed in the intestine decreasing from top to bottom.
Ie 5 liters (diphtheria> fasting)> ileus (1 liter) colon.
Note: The colon has the capacity to absorb 5 l when there is a lack of intestinal absorption.
- Fractional loss: very small 0.1 l.
Important Note: All substances (sugars, fat, proteins) as a general rule are absorbed in the upper part of the small intestine (dizziness and onset of fasting) except for bile salts and vitamin B12, which are absorbed at the end of the ileum.
In the event of the removal of the fasting person, the dakak will modify itself and reorganize its vesicles so that it can perform the function of the absorbent fasting, but the reverse is not true, ie, if the end of the dementia occurs (such as Crohn's disease, cancer, tuberculosis and lymphoma). .) In this case, the absorption of bile salts and Vit B12 will decrease, resulting in different disorders.

Absorption of sugars in the small intestine.. Sodium Screed Plant. Bilateral sugars. Single sugars. Glucose, galactose. Fructose

- 80% of sugars are absorbed in the duodenum and onset of fasting.
A) Absorption of plant screed:
• Plant polysaccharides form the predominant percentage of sugars in food.
• Sugar absorption is slow because it needs to work more until it is dismantled to:
- Cellulose is not absorbed in the human because of the absence of digestive enzymes.
- A starch that is transformed through the yeast of amylase (saliva and pancreas) into maltose, which in turn is converted by the maltase into two glucose molecules.
Note that the intestine absorbs only raw materials (monoclonal sugars).
B) absorption of double sugars:
• Fast absorption.
• Example:
حالب (لاكتوز) ← by lactase → galactose + glucose.
شون شون شون شون شون شون

.Maltose → Glucose + glucose.
Note: Maltose is not found in the food in the form of maltose but comes through starch.
C) absorption of monoclonal sugars:
• They are rare in the diet, found in fruits and honey.
• Fast absorption.
• Example:
- Glucose, galactose: absorbed effectively, depending on sodium, and there is a competition between the sugar on absorption.
- Fructose: It is absorbed by the diffusion mechanism.
- There are some sugars that are not absorbed: It is an indigestible sugar because of the lack of human to the yeast capable of digesting and dismantling and thus not absorb. Including: lactulose, which is given as a laxative in liver diseases to clean (rinse) and remove the residues of undigested proteins.
Lactolose sugar, as it is, reaches the small intestine and colon (without digestion or absorption), where it is fermented with fermentation. The fermentation process results in colloidal volatile substances (colic acids, organic acids). These substances cause dehydration ) Of the colon wall thus: Diarrhea - cleaning (rinsing).
Thus, it is important to give such lactose (lactose) through the nasopharyngeal tube in some patients with the inhibition of consciousness due to cerebral hepatic impairment (in the patient of cirrhosis).
As a rule: sugars that are not absorbed: either because they were not digested or digested but not absorbed due to diseases of the intestines or pancreas, etc. - Intestinal fermentation process which may cause diarrhea.
Note: Laxatives are either non-absorbable (lactose) or non-absorbable salt (English salt).

Absorption of proteins in the small intestine.. With the effect of trispenes and chymotrapsin separated from the pancreas converted into biptides and amino acids

- Most proteins (55%) are absorbed in the upper part of the intestine (dizziness and onset of fasting).
- Protein undergoes the effect of pepsin when it reaches the stomach (ie begins to digest it in the stomach) and needs an acidic medium.
- then subject to the effect of trisin and kimoterpsin separated from the pancreas and turn into biptides and amino acids and some of the Oligopeptides.
- These substances are then subjected to the level of microbes to the enzymes of Oligopeptidase to be converted to amino acids.
These amino acids are transferred into the intestine via specific membrane vasicles, depending on sodium Na +.
Note: Each amino acid has a special vector. To simplify: Each amino acid has its own "hexagon" but they are all "sodium drivers".
The residue of the unapproved proteins that reached the colon is exposed to the process of the deposition of Putrefaction (not fermentation as in sugars) under the influence of the intestinal flora, which gives the ammonia (ammonia) which is absorbed and goes through the mesenteric upper and lower to the liver and turns into a urine (this in the natural liver).
But when there is a liver problem, the ammonia moves to the brain, causing hepatic liver disease.
Therefore, liver cirrhosis patients are advised to follow a low-protein diet so that the residues of proteins are not dissociated and consequently liver hepatic impairment.
It is possible that if the diet is not followed, we will give it non-absorbable sugars so that the colon can be rinsed from the protein residues (there is no disintegration).
There are two exceptions to the previous protein absorption process:
* Bilateral and triglycerides can sometimes be absorbed as they are into the intestinal cell and then digested there.
* Some large protein molecules can absorb without alteration, which does not turn into amino acids (such as some food and bacterial antigens like polio vaccine), that is, there are antigens in the blood and thus there is immunity.

Absorption of fat in the small intestine.. emulsification. The Dream. Water solubility with syringes. Long triglyceride glycerides

75% of the fat is absorbed into the small intestine.
Long-chain fat:
- Fatty with an external source (the fat that comes with the food consists of long triglyceride glycerides).
Make up 80% of the absorbed fat.
- Contains more than 12 carbon atoms.
- This fat is supplemented with dehydrated vitamins (DEKA).
Long-chain fat is digested in several stages:
Emulsification:
- This process begins in the stomach where the stomach to mix well and turn it into a liquid mass and thus increase the surface of fatty substances - increase the contact between them and yeast digested them.
The pepsin enzyme then separates the protein substances associated with the fat.
- The process continues in the intestine: where the bile salts remove the protein suspended from the fatty substances and remove it. Thus, we get a mass of net fatty materials ready for the lipase process to mimic them.
- that is, emulsification is done in the stomach and intestines and the goal: to dissolve the fatty blocks associated with the proteins, and increase the surface of contact by mixing the molecules of fat and reduce its size. All of which are exposed to the effect of lipase enzyme to be ready for the second stage:
2- Hydrolyzation:
Lipase is a lipase enzyme that dissolves the triglycerides into two and then monoseconds. This results in fatty acid (long chain> 12 carbon atoms).
- But the resulting complex (suspended fatty acids and monoclonal glycerides) is a non-absorbable irreversible, and here comes the role of the third phase:
3 - Micelles: After the decomposition of fat and glycerides triglyceride, it needs to be thin to become removable and absorption in the small intestine and toxicity for these acids more than 12 carbon atoms is the micelles.
- Bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipid: the so-called: simple solvents, which is a mode of transfer merges with the glycerides and monosodium fatty acids, and here becomes a complex enamel.
- The resulting complex is soluble in water, and the former is transformed into a net liquid ready for absorption. These micelles come closer to the intestinal cells, so that the fatty acids, glycerides and cholesterol are absorbed into the intestinal cell.
The other stages of digestion and absorption within the intestinal cell follow:
- The previously absorbed substances are re-formed within the cell and by means of topical yeasts, producing three triglycerides, sterilized cholesterol, and phospholipid.
- These substances (with special proteins and by means of yeast - Lipoprotein) so-called minutes of the kilos, these minutes pass through the vessels Alkilousip to the thoracic canal and then to the systemic rotation.
- ie, these substances do not pass after absorption in the portal circulation, ie do not pass to the liver.

The role of bile salts in digestion of long chain fat.. Elimination of proteins suspended with fat after the exposure of food to the effect of Pepsin

Bile salts are very important in all stages of long chain fat digestion:
Emulsification: The bile salts (rinse) proteins suspended with fat after food exposure to the effect of Pepsin.
Salicylic acid: The bile salts prepare the appropriate medium for the work of lipase (pH = 9). The lipase does not work without bile salts.
Water solubility with syringes: Bile salts are the most important component of the salts.
If: liver diseases that cause bile stasis cause fatty diarrhea due to lack of digestion of fat due to lack of bile salts.
Base: No bile salts → No fat digestion.
Note: The bile salts used in the previous stages of digestion do not occur with the stool, but are re-absorbed 90% of them before the end of the ileum where re-used.
However, in some cases, such as Crohn's disease, lymphoma, tuberculosis, there is a defect in the ileum (or when the ileum is removed). The absorption of the bile salts leads to colonization, which leads to diarrhea and thus a watery diarrhea. As a result of the deficiency of bile salts (which can not be re-absorbed), there will be a defect in digestion and absorption of fat, resulting in seborrheic diarrhea, and then the emergence of symptoms resulting from lack of absorption of fat, such as weight loss and lack of absorption of vitamins KEDA.
That is, when the eradication of the ileum occurs water diarrhea first and then another Shi diarrhea occurs fatty (an important question Kti, especially the sixth interview)
Medium-chain fat (8-12 carbon atoms):
- Do not go through all the previous stages as it absorbs directly without change to the portal rotation.
- This can be used clinically in some disorders such as impaired absorption at the level of lymph vessels or intestinal defects or bile stasis (anything that hinders stages of long-chain fat absorption), the patient is replaced with medium chain fat (such as palm oil).
- Medium-chain fat does not need the necessary bile salts in the long-chain lipid digestion stages (therefore useful for long-term chronic bronchial stenosis).