Respiratory motor nerves.. Atherosclerosis leads to a rise in pulmonary blood pressure and a lack of blood pumped from the heart

Some of these nerves emanating from the cerebral cortex and some issues from the area of the bridge and work intertwined last in the spinal cord to give neurons final up breathing muscles to move them orders to respond.
Valasb phrenic that innervate the diaphragm works second cervical vertebrae former, while intercostal nerve that innervate muscle intercostal between the ribs second works in the first paragraph bra, the muscle the next nerve Vtaatasb structural brain.

It is known that the human heart two rooms on the right side and two right atrium and right ventricle when the blood returns to the heart from the rest of the body parts it passes first right then the right ventricle, which in turn pump blood through the main pulmonary artery to the lungs.
Under normal circumstances, the pumping blood to the lungs occurs seamlessly and automatically and naturally without any resistance or difficulty as the heart of a human sound pumped an average of 5 liters of blood toward the lungs per minute per but in cases of high pressure inside the arteries in the lungs, this blood coming From the right ventricle is facing difficulty and resistance due to hardening of the arteries leading to a rise in pulmonary hypertension during the long period of time leading to a decrease in heart pumping amount may not exceed in some cases, more than two liters or three liters of blood leading to a disease called pulmonary hypertension.

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Cerebral centers breathing.. The cerebral cortex. The Asiaúah bulb. Center inhale deeply. Vagal

No breathing centers in:

+ Cerebral cortex, a senior centers.

+ Onion the Asiaúah:

1- Center inspiration: to raise the center leads to shrinking or contraction of all the muscles sniffling and if they continue raising for a long time lead to death due to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood by which he put to the outside.

2- exhale: raise this occur Exhalation center long lasts from two to three minutes and do not lead continuous raising of death.

Where he once high rate of carbon dioxide in the blood alert center sniffling and begin work immediately and occur inspiration. What must be noted that the exciting centers together occur constricting Shahykie and relate with each other nerves connected mutually. 

+ Hump (the bridge).

1 - inhale deep center: This center sends alerts to the center of inspiration in the bulb prolong Fterhalshahyq and this influence is organized in two ways:

- Vagal (wanderer).

- Tuberous Nahi Center which inhibits inspiratory center.

2- tuberous Nahi Center: This center receives alerts from the center of the sniffling and sends its effects and Tenbahath to exhale raising center in order to stop sniffling.

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Respiratory sensory neurons.. Neurofibers issued receptors and centers Altkhuyh and centers Alntkh in lungs

Sensory receptors and stimuli

Sensory receptors (eye, ear, skin, nose and tongue) allow an individual's body to be informed about the state of its environment. They therefore react to what is called a stimulus, i.e. the changes that occur in the environment and that are perceptible by a sensory receptor.

The sensory circuit

The sensory circuit traversed by the nerve impulse is always the same, regardless of the stimulus that will be at the origin of it. It all starts with the stimulus that will be picked up by a sensory receptor. A transformation occurs in order to change the stimulus into nerve impulses. Subsequently, the impulse travels through a conductor (a sensory neuron for example) to the brain, where the impulse will be analyzed. The sensory receptors are scattered throughout the body in order to intercept messages from the environment (stimulus), whether mechanical, chemical, light or thermal. They are mainly found in the sense organs.

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Respiratory receptors.. Chemical sensory receptors are found on the walls of the aorta and carotid artery

The peripheral chemoreceptors are located at the level of the carotids and the aorta forming the carotid and aortic glomus.

The information from the corpuscles borrows the afferents from the Hering nerve then glossopharyngeal for the first and from the Cyon nerve then Vague for the second.

The frequency of action potentials in these afferent pathways is increased in the event of a decrease in the partial pressure of O2 in the blood, an increase in that of carbon dioxide or during acidification of the blood.

If reverse changes in blood gas occur, the frequency of action potentials will on the contrary be decreased.

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Nervous regulation of breathing.. Special centers for breathing in Asiaúah bulb and tuber in the bridge area of the brain

1. Ventilatory mechanics

The filling of the lungs is related to the movements of the rib cage.

A ventilatory cycle is characterized by an inspiration, during which the rib cage rises and increases in volume, followed by an expiration bringing the rib cage back to its initial position.

The movements of the rib cage are linked to a set of muscles including the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles.

It is the contraction of these muscles which allows the lifting of the rib cage, and, consequently, the entry of air; inspiration is an active phenomenon.

The relaxation of these same muscles causes the return to the initial position, and, consequently, the exit of air; exhalation is a passive phenomenon.

2. Control of muscles by the nervous system

The activity of the respiratory muscles is controlled by the nervous system. All these muscles are in fact connected to the medulla oblongata via intercostal motor nerves for the muscles:

– Intercostal nerves;

– phrenic nerves for the diaphragm.

The parallel recording of the activity of these nerves, called an electroneurogram, and the respiratory activity, called a spirogram, makes it possible to follow the command of the respiratory activity.

At rest, the recorded respiratory activity, characterized by a tidal volume and a respiratory rate, follows a spontaneous nervous activity, consisting of a set of signals emitted at regular time intervals.

During exercise, the respiratory nerves are traversed by more numerous and more frequent trains of signals. This increase in nerve activity results in an increase in tidal volume and respiratory rate.

3. Control by the bulbar centers and the cerebral cortex

As with cardiac activity, the respiratory nerves are controlled by nerve centers located in the medulla oblongata.

These centers possess rhythmic spontaneous activity, responsible for automatic ventilation. An increase or decrease in their activity also makes it possible to increase or decrease the contractions of the respiratory muscles and thus control pulmonary ventilation.

However, it is possible to voluntarily modify its respiratory activity. In this case, the voluntary command from the cerebral cortex is preponderant and temporarily takes over the involuntary command.

The essential

Bulbar centers control lung ventilation through the respiratory nerves.

Sending messages to the muscles causes them to contract and inspiration. Between two emissions, the muscles relax which allows expiration.

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