Showing posts with label Cells. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Cells. Show all posts

Large Monocyte Cells.. Feeding residues of cell decomposition and texture. Building anti-inflammatory poisons

Approximately (2-8%) (300-600) of the total number of white balls, which are large cells that help nitrofile in feeding the residues of cell decomposition and texture. These cells have a great ability to move and infiltrate through the wall of capillaries. They also build anti-inflammatory poisons. They are called a moving type. They are directed toward microbes to destroy them. They are also sometimes called clean cells. They push and remove foreign objects and bacterial residues.

Acidic pigment cells (Azinophil).. Multiply and increase in number when the body attacks parasites or bacteria. Prevent blood clotting to facilitate cell movement

(2-4%), ie, 150-300 of the total number of white blood cells. The cytoplasm contains large, equal size, acidic, and pink or red pigments. This type multiplies and increases in number when the body attacks parasites or bacteria. Its method of defending the body is different from the previous one. It increases in an attempt to prevent microbes. This appears in certain cases of tissue infections or allergies. These substances affect the walls of the blood vessels and control the blood flow of the infected parts. It also secrete heparin when an individual is infected and the purpose is to prevent blood clotting to facilitate cell movement.

Neatrophil cells.. The ability to devour bacteria in a special way to surround and contain alien objects

About 50-70% (3000-6000) of the total number of white blood cells is formed, and the color of the violet is neutral, due to its neutrality of the acid and alkaline. It is characterized by its large size and contains a nucleus. Its ability to devour bacteria in its own way; it surrounds and contains alien objects, and is lost or killed while defending the body. This results in the formation of cells, which infiltrate through the walls of capillaries to infected tissues when needed to eat bacteria, thanks to its ability to move Amoeba and is the first line of defense of the body against any foreign object.

B cells.. The formation of antibodies in the blood and lymph is widespread and the control of bacteria entering the body

The receptor on cell B is called the antibody of the membrane. When cell B encounters a bacterial cell or a toxin that carries a specific antigen, the antibody expands to cell B, as it is divided and many plasma cells are a mature B cell that has the ability to form antibodies in blood and lymph on a large scale. There is a theory called cell selection theory which states that the antigen selects or selects any of the B cells that will be the colony of the plasma cells. It is observed that cell B does not divide into plasma cells only after the presence of its antigen, and that cell B distinguishes its antigen directly without helping the rest of the cells divide to form plasma cells.
When in B cells, they form plasma cells as well as memory B cells. When the antigen is under control, the number of plasma cells will be reduced, while memory B cells remain in the bloodstream. Memory B is the means by which active immunity is performed. Since the same antigen enters the body again, the B cells of memory are quickly divided into new plasma cells. These plasma cells form antibodies. The defense of the body by cells B is called antibody-induced immunity, because different types of B cells form antibodies, also called humoral immunity, because these antibodies are present in the bloodstream.
B-lymphocytes function in the control of bacteria entering the body. As foreign bodies enter the body, it stimulates B-cells to form a line of clonal expansion cells if stimulated by T-lymphocytes. During this process, some plasma cells produce antibodies against the antigen that enters the body.

Lymphocytes.. The formation of antibodies to toxins that enter the body and help him to acquire immunity and defensive force against diseases

Lymphocytes are about 20-40% (1500-400) of the total number of white balls, which are small cells with a nucleus surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm, which are two types:
  One called lymphocytes and lymphocytes B, is responsible for the formation of antibodies to toxins that enter the body, and helps the body to acquire immunity and a defensive force against diseases that invade the body.

The primary function of red blood cells

What is the primary function of red blood cells?
A. Fighting diseases in the body.
B. Transfer oxygen to all parts of the body.
C. Remove carbon monoxide from all parts of the body.
D. Production of substances that lead to blood clotting.

Functions of white blood cells

White blood cells are responsible for:
A. Blood clotting.
B. Protection from bacteria and viruses.
C. Production of new blood cells.
D. Transfer oxygen.

Functions of red blood cells

Red blood cells:
A. Transferring oxygen to the cells of the body.
B. Waste and carbon dioxide are transported from the cells of the body.
C. Responsible for blood clotting.
D. Responsible for the production of new blood cells.

A history of the cell.. All living organisms are involved in that they are made up of cells or the cell is the unit of the organism

The first to launch cell name (Cell) is Robert Hook's world.
Since the first discovery of the cell, studies of optical microscopy have been carried out on different tissue cells in plants and animals and found to be composed of cells. The German scientists Schwann and Schleiden are the first to say that animals and plants are made up of cells after microscopic studies carried out separately in 1838 and 1839 and on various types of animal embryos (Xuan) and plants (Schliden).
This has resulted in the emergence of cell theory (Cell theory) that all living organisms are composed of cells or the cell is the unit of building the organism.
The studies were then carried out. One of the most important studies was conducted by the scientist Virchow in 1855, where he demonstrated that the new cells come through the division of previous cells. Cells can also be generated automatically from non-living materials. Since then, extensive studies on the cell and from all angles (growth, genetics, composition, etc.) have become a stand-alone science known as cytology or, as is known recently, cell biology.

Life features of the cell.. Exchange materials and energy with the surrounding environment. Sensation of the surrounding environment

The cell is the smallest biological unit with life features, including:
- Exchange materials and energy with the environment.
- Feel the surrounding environment.
- absorb the external influences and as a result have a reaction.
- multiply and increase their number.
- Grow and grow in size.
- It can move even as it stays in place.

The definition of the cell and the types of cells with real and non-real nucleus.. The unity of the building and the basic function in all living creatures

The cell is the building unit and the basic functional function of all living organisms, because each cell achieves the totality of life features.
In other words, the cell building is one of the characteristics of life. At the same time, the cell is the smallest building that achieves all the characteristics of life (reaction to stimulation, reproduction, growth and development, exchange of materials).
There are two types of cells with a nucleus:
1 - Eukaryotic: the nucleus is surrounded by a membrane (a nuclear membrane).
2 - Primitive nucleus (non-eukaryotic): The nuclei are not surrounded by a membrane (a nuclear membrane).

Single or multiple cell organisms.. Bacteria, berysium, amoeba. Plants, animals, fungus

Unicellular Creatures: There are living organisms made up of a single cell (such as bacteria, parmesium, amoeba).
Multichannel Creatures: Other organisms are made up of a large number of cells (plants, animals, fungi) - in multicellular organisms.
Knowledge of cell structure and functional performance is necessary to understand the processes that occur in the multichannel organism.
Because the function of the whole organism stems from the presence of basic processes occurring within the cells.
The cells are three-dimensional, ie have a length, width and height.
Cell size is measured in micrometer units.
The average length of cells can reach several tens of micrometers.
The ability of the eye to separate can not see the only cells, so developed sophisticated means of magnification such as electron microscopy and optical microscope.

Cell components.. Cell membrane. Cytoplasm. Cell nucleus. Mitochondria

The different cells have a similar basic structure, some of which are:
1 - Each cell surrounded by the cell membrane: a thin envelope of fatty molecules interspersed with sperm molecules.
The cell membrane surrounds the cell and is separated between the cell and its environment.
Cytoplasm: A water solution that fills the cell cavity and swims all the organs. The cell gives the wet environment.
3. Cell nuclei: present in most cells, the most prominent and largest in the cell.
The nucleus of the cell contains the genetic material called DNA, which is transmitted by heredity from parents to offspring and contains information for the production of various proteins.
These proteins build cells and determine their shape.
In addition, there are macrophages that affect or stimulate vital processes in the cell.
In the absence of genetic material, the cell can not live for a long time and can not reproduce.
4- Mitochondria are: organelles in which cellular respiration occurs. In these organisms, cell-usable energy is produced in plant cells and animal cells, often by analyzing sugars by exploiting oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide (cellular respiration).

Difference between plant and animal cell.. Cell wall. The gap. Green Plastida. The nucleus is peripheral or central

All organelles are present in animal cells as well as in plant and fungal cells, and perform similar functions. Plant cells have extra organelles, which are not present in animal cells. For example:
Cell wall: Plant cells and fungi cells are surrounded by a solid wall, which protects the cell from external infections and gives it a fixed shape. The cell wall of the plant is constructed from a complex sugar called sugar, cellulose.
The embryonic gap is found in the cells of the plants. The embryonic gap, which is a reservoir of fluids (water and soluble matter) inside the cell surrounded by a membrane. The embryonic gap works to balance the water content of the plant cell.
Green Plastida In this process photosynthesis - food production (chemical energy) occurs in plants by absorbing light energy, carbon dioxide and oxygen release.
Despite the common common structure of all cells, there are different cells in the biologist whose performance is different.

Biological Staging.. cell. Fabric. member. Device

Biological Staging:
- Cell: The unit of construction and function of the organism.
- Fabric: A group of cells with similar structures and common functional performance.
- Member: Built from several tissues with mutual relations.
- Device: component of several members.

The function of red blood cells in mammals.. Oxygen in the lungs. Transfer oxygen to cells. It consists of a sperm and contains a nucleus at its maturity that loses the nucleus and exits the blood circulation

Function: Link oxygen to lung, transfer oxygen to cells.
Relevance:
Its hollow spherical shape helps it move freely in the blood vessels containing hemoglobin, which binds oxygen easily and releases it.
It does not have a nucleus, which makes the surface area the largest proportion of the small size of the cell, which increases the efficiency of exchange of gases, small size can move in the fine capillaries freely.
The number of red blood cells in the blood is constant. It is composed of the sperm and contains a nucleus. When it is mature, it loses the nucleus and goes out to the bloodstream, where it dissolves after 120 in the spleen.

Muscle Cell Building. Function of neurons. Root cells

- The muscle cell building can contract, it is long and rich in fiber, which when it contract and relax together in many cells producing muscle movement.
- Neurons have long elongations: to transfer information from the brain to the body and vice versa.
- The root cells (limbs) thin and out of the thin follicles, which can absorb the largest amount of water.

Vision of cells.. Development of sophisticated means of magnification, such as electron microscope and light microscopy

Can cells be seen?
The ability of the eye to separate can not see the only cells, so developed sophisticated means of magnification such as electron microscopy and optical microscope.
With the advancement of technology and the improvement of magnification devices, scientists have succeeded in discovering the structure of the cell.
Although the different types of cells differ in their form and function, all of them have similar characteristics and similarities.

Optical microscope parts (lens). Optical lenses. Two adjustable controls for precise adjustment. Mirror. table

Optical microscopy parts:
• Eye lens: is the lens near the eye and through this lens look inside to see the slide to be examined.
• Optical lenses: It is installed on a moving disk at the bottom end of the metal cylinder and is close to the object to be enlarged, so it is called optical lenses and the number of these lenses between (2 - 4) lenses and gradient in the magnification force x10, x100 ....
• Two plates: one for the approximate adjustment and the other for fine tuning can be rotated to raise or lower the lenses from the sample studied to be clarified after selecting the required magnification force at the right of the four lenses.
• Table (theater): Flat level, can be raised or lowered or fixed, and in the middle there is a hole and metal housing to install the glass slide on which to put the sample required to enlarge.
• Mirror: Located at the bottom of the table and its function to direct light to implement from the table slot and the projection on the sample installed on the slide, and there are some microscopes have an electric light instead of a mirror.
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