Showing posts with label embryology. Show all posts

Sections of embryology.. Experimental embryology. Comparative embryology. Evolutionary embryology. Congenital malformation. Tissue culture. Descriptive embryology

Embryology includes a lot of scientific trends related to embryology, including:
1 - Experimental embryology: related to the science of reproduction, infertility, artificial insemination, contraceptives, the impact of chemicals and environmental on the fetus ... etc
2 - Comparative embryology: It is concerned with the comparison of embryonic composition in different communities of animals.
3 - Evolutionary embryology: includes the study of the stages of the composition, whether descriptive or experimental studies using modern technology.
4. Congenital malformations: The causes of abnormal formation are examined by influencing the embryonic stages by several factors including chemicals, radiation, heredity, environment, hormones, medicines, etc.
5 - Tissue culture: This science is concerned with the cultivation of cells, tissues, organs and embryos and implantation of embryonic cells to treat diseases.
6 - The embryo descriptive: It is the science that studies the stages of embryo formation from the beginning of the composition of the gamut through fertilization and spawning operations, ballast (Blastula) and Gastrula lining and then the formation of members to the stage of going out to life by hatching or birth until puberty.

The origin of embryology.. Embryo a block of blood clotted at Aristotle. Von Per the fertilized egg and the stages of the palastiola and gastrolla

The first recording of embryonic studies in the pre-Christian era of the Greek world was Hippocrates and was followed by the world Aristotle with the idea that the fetus is a mass of blood clotted. In the fifteenth century, the world of Leonard was able to draw a uterus with a fetus. In the seventeenth century, Graf described the ovary. In the 18th century, Wolf developed a theory of embryonic formation that the embryo members formed in stages. In the 19th century, von Pier described the fertilized egg and the stages of the plastula and the gastro- . In the late 20th century, the foundations of modern embryology were developed. It is a modern science that has made rapid progress to achieve remarkable results in medicine and textiles.

Embryology and fetal stages in the book and Sunnah.. The process of fetal formation a series of divisions and developments

The Qur'an has mentioned the stages of human creation since the revelation of the revelation to the nation's teacher Muhammad bin Abdullah (PBUH).
- (O man, I did not infuse you with the Holy Lord who created you and spoil you in any way, as He wills your knees).
- (We created man from the sperm of Amchaga Nabtlih made him heard hearing).
- (who created water from human beings and made it ratios and purity).
- (O people, we created you from male and female).
- (Your money do not please God and dignity and has created you phases).
Allah says:
- (Your money do not please God and dignity and has created you phases).
(And we have created man from a strain of clay and then we made it sperm in the decision of McCain and then we created the semen Leica and made us chewing gum, so we created the bone bone bones Vkona bone and then created another creation God blessed the best creators).
It is clear from the previous verses and other verses of the Koran that are difficult to classify, the process of embryo formation is only a series of divisions and developments.

Stages of embryonic formation.. Sex cells (gametes). Fertilization. Bursting. Plexiglas or Plastiola. Lining or gastrola. Histological and tissue composition and organs. Sexual maturity

The stages of embryonic formation in the complexes can be divided into the following stages:
1- The stage of the formation of sexual cells (gametes), including:
The formation of sexual cells and the formation of male and female genitalia.
B) Producing sexual cells when the sexual growth of the individual is complete.
2. Fertilization: It is the union of the nucleus of the egg with the nucleus of the sperm to form the fertilized or unkempt egg or Zygote.
3. Cleavage The fertilization of the fertilized egg breaks several divisions resulting in a group of cells known as phlegates. Divisions continue until a mass of cells known as the bacterial mass forms.
4. The stage of the phallus or the plastula Blastula consists of a cavity within the microbial mass becomes a hollow ball the thickness of a single cell in the bowel or cavity in the animal pole, the thickness of several cells as in amphibians or in the form of a disk of cells floating on the surface known as a microbial disk as in reptiles The birds represent the rearrangement and distribution of cells according to what each set of cells will give in the future.
5 - the stage of lining or Gastroula Gastrula and lead to the differentiation of the three bacterial layers Actoderm and Mizoderm and Endoderm.
6. The organism and the formation of tissues and different organs represent the critical embryonic stage followed by the growth stage of these members.
7 - the stage of going out to life, whether from the egg as in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds or birth as in mammals, a declaration of the completion of the composition and growth of most internal organs.
8. Puberty is the process of sexual maturity of the individual and means the complete organic and physiological growth of the organism.

Embryonic growth in the way of cellular division.. Stable, continuous or regenerative cells. nervous cells. Blood, skin, and gametes

The growth of cell division is achieved by the formation of new cells in the process of indirect division so that the fetal cells are differentiated into:
1) Stable cells configuration:
Such as neurons, where these cells, once formed and reached their final number before birth, stop dividing after birth and nerve cells only continue to divide.
2) Continuous cells configuration:
Cells that continue to divide or multiply even after birth such as most body cells, "liver, muscle" depending on the need of the body according to several factors including genetic, hormonal and others.
3) Renewable cells Composition:
Cells that retain their embryonic properties without distinguishing them into any type of cell. They are divided into two cells, one characterized by the other, and the other is undifferentiated, such as "blood cells, skin, and gametes."

Interstitial growth of fetus .. Secretion of cartilaginous interstitial material or cartilage

Interstitial growth is by increasing the interstitial material that exists between cells, such as the cartilage, which, when its cells grow and differentiate into young cartilage cells, secrete the cartilage interstitial material, "cartilage or cartilage." Thus, the growth of the cartilage grows with the increase of its interstitial materials.

Volumetric growth of single cells.. The growth of neurons in size to fold their original size by increasing the amount of cytoplasm, offspring bodies and tree branches

The volume growth of single cells is an increase in cell size. For example, the growth of neurons in size to the size of their original size by increasing the amount of cytoplasm and offspring and tree branches, including the growth of white mothers to form the primary ovarian cell and the growth of semen to form the primary sperm cell.

Fetal induction.. Interaction of the tissue with the reaction tissue. Dorsal lip in amphibians, Hensen knot in birds, primary line in mammals

Embryonic induction can be defined as a tissue reaction called the inducing tissue with another tissue called nesponding tissue. Another definition is that it is an interplay between two or more embryonic cells that change at least one of the cells. It is clear from the two definitions that the change of tissue depends on another tissue. The optoderm of the lens corresponding to the optical link, for example, distinguishes the lens from the optical vesicle.
There are so-called primary or primary embryonic organizations, which are the ability of some tissues in the early stages of embryonic formation to give and form secondary embryos such as dorsal lipid in amphibians, Hensen's knot in birds, primary line in mammals, and there are so-called secondary embryonic organelles, Early stages of embryonic formation give and form organs and other tissues (eg the visual vesicle and stimulate the actoderm to form the lens). The embryonic induction occurs as a result of the cellular contact between the tissue and the reaction tissue. In addition, each tissue has a specific type of protein that leads to the events of the embryonic induction process, which is a message produced by the tissue. It is a chemical (proteins, ions, Chemical molecules) This chemical message reaches the reaction tissue activating specific genes in the nucleus that lead to the formation of certain types of bronze of the desired differentiation by RNA and thus take the cell response form their effect.

Composition of the gametes.. The transmission of genetic traits from parents to children through sexual cells, which are sperm formed in the male testicle within the twisted tubes

Genetically transmitted genes are passed from parents to children through sexual cells. They are spermatozoa (male gametes) and are formed in the male testicle within the twisted tubes (spermicillus). They are small in size with a round head, oval, oblate or otherwise depending on the type The animal has a long tail moving through it.
The other species are ova and ova, which is much larger than the sperm that does not move loaded with food, both of which carry half of the original number of chromosomes (23 chromosome), the first stage of embryo formation and the beginning of creation, which is mentioned in more than one place in the Koran Of which:
1. (O people, if you are in doubt of the Baath, we created you from dust and then from the sperm).
2. (He who created you from dust and then from a sperm).
3. (The killing of a person is infidel of anything created by the sperm of his creation and his fate).
4. (And he created the male and female spouses of sperm if he wished).
5. (Do you see what you are creating, or are we creators?).
6. (Is not the light of sperm from my right hand).
The sperm are three types as mentioned in the previous verses:
1 - sperm note: the sperm spilled in semen.
2 - Feminine sperm: an egg produced by the ovary every month.
3 - Sperm Amchag: A mixed sperm of the sperm and egg, ie egg fertilized or Zigot.
And the sperm are all little water in a bowl or a drink or similar, but the mascara means mixing, and mixing any mixture is the mixing of water man water women in the process of fertilization to form the ulceration has been mentioned sperm and the strings in one verse in the human surah to show the beginning of creation of sperm and then explained What is the semen and that it is only the mascara coming from the man where they are swollen in semen and those coming from the woman and flow from the ovary and that their union and their mixing is the embryo, which then passes in stages evolutionary to complete its growth.

The origin and migration of germ cells.. Formation in the reproductive cells of the endoderm of the cervical sac and the migration to the migraine region by migration or by blood stream

The primary germ cells that make up the reproductive cells, which in turn are the working gametes, do not originate in the genital gland, but migrate from areas that vary according to the type of organism and are transferred to the migration area or through the blood stream. Bacterial or primary bacterial cells originate from the vegetative anoderm of the frog embryo, the endoderm outside the fetus in the birds, and the endoderm of the cervical sac in humans and mammals in general.
The origin of these endodermic cells is confirmed by the following reasons:
1. When primary germ cells from the migration sac are prevented from being migrated, the formed animal is sterile.
2. Exposure of the vegetative pole to the fertilized egg, made up of endodermic cells that love ultraviolet light, reduces the number of these germ cells.
3. Following the migration of endoderm cells to the sacral sac in the birds and their bodies migrate to settle in the fungus.
4. When separating the endoderm cells of the pelvis in the early stages of embryonic formation, this leads to the formation of sterile embryos.
These germ cells reach the genitals by migration or blood transfusion. This reminds us of the ways in which tumor cells spread through the body through invasion or metastasis. The question remains how to identify the primary germ cell when migrating. Where do you stop? And when it remains in this stable and does not move and complete migration? Specific contact between the primary germ cell and the genital area may play a role in determining where these cells stop as soon as they reach the primordial primordial. It remains because it attaches to it qualitatively or in other words as if it realized that its function which it was created for can only be performed by Through this device and the great sincerity of God who created everything and appreciated it.

Testicular formation.. The growth of primary bacterial cells in the primary spermatozoa is composed of semen

As the age of the fetus progresses, differentiation begins. In the male genus, the inner region (the bone) grows from the neutral, primitive or undifferentiated genitals. The number of primary sexual cords increases, so that the pulp fills, the cortex becomes smaller and the primary sexual cords become hollow structures containing primary germ cells. Primary spermous tubules grow inside the primary germ cells forming semen. Thus, the testis, which is the first characteristic of the knowledge of masculinity.

Formation of the ovaries .. Dissolution of primary sexual cords and the clustering of primary germ cells contained in the cortical region

In female genitals, primary sexual cords dissolve and the inner marrow of the genital gland becomes severed as the external area, the cortex, grows and the primary germ cells contained in the cortical region become trapped in groups surrounded by vesicular cells known as egg mothers.

The association of sex determination in the fetus with the genetic makeup of the nucleus of the sperm that fertilizes the egg .. The secretion of the female reproductive system works to activate sperm cells

** Allah says **
- (Give to whomever he pleases females and give to whomever he pleases, or marry them male and female, and make whom he wills ungodly).
- (Only he knows to create a gentle expert).
- (and in your selves, do you not see).
- (not male as female).
- (And we have spent in this Quran to people of all kinds and man was the most controversial thing).
- "They do not come to you like anything, but we have brought you the truth and the best explanation."
- "If one of them preached to the female, his face was blackened, and he was like a tyrant who was ignorant of the people from the bad things he preached."
- (and argue those who disbelieve in vain to refute the truth).
- (He created you from the same one as a stable and warehouse).
Studying the stages of the fertilization process leads to attention to a subject in which there has been considerable confusion, namely sex determination in the fetus. The sex of the fetus is determined from the first moment of fertilization according to the genetic makeup of the nucleus of the sperm that fertilizes the egg. Both sperm and egg nuclei carry 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 chromosomes and one pair, which is responsible for determining sex, the sex chromosome and sperm. Either a note containing only the chromosome y, or female sperm Ie carrying the X chromosome, depending on the genetic structure of the nucleus of the fertilized egg produced by the union of nuclei is sex. If the genotype XX was the fetus daughter of God, and if the genetic makeup XY, the fetus born, God willing. Scientists have been able to differentiate between the sperm carrying the male sign (chromosome Y) from the other carrying the sign of femininity (chromosome X) as the sperm, which carries a male signal and a flash and a head in the fastest movement, reaching the egg in approximately 6 hours The semen, which carries the sign of femininity, does not have that luster and flash and is slow in motion and does not reach the egg after an hour or more.
There is a recent research shows that uterine contractions are primarily responsible for the withdrawal of semen into the uterus and it is clear from the above that the mirror does not play a role in determining the sex of the fetus that the Prophet peace be upon him in the following talk confirms the role of the mirror in that, saying "water man White and water mirror yellow If they actually meet in the man in the male, God willing, and if the woman in the man is a female, God willing.
This is OK, according to scientists, that the secretion of the female reproductive system works to activate the sperm and thus help sperm to withdraw sperm and access to the egg faster and there is a greater chance for the sperm carrying the chromosome male fertilize the egg, if the discharge of semen before the man before Vaginal secretions are discharged during intercourse and vice versa.
The scientific research in this field is still few and the talk is then purified of scientific metaphor and the answer remains one of the dark question. Who will determine the type and sex of the fetus? It is in the verse "did not light a sperm from my right hand and then it was a lethargic creature, and made him a couple male and female Is not that able to revive the dead."

Composition of sperm.. The spermic tubules of the testis are interspersed with connective tissue between the anibibi

The sperm in the testis, which is surrounded by a flexible connective tissue (white tunic) and a large number of wrapped tubules known as spermous sperm, are interspersed with a connective tissue between anibepii that is responsible for producing sperm when the vertebrate reaches sexual maturity or puberty. Growth and transformation into sperm cells within the sperm tubes. All semen generators within the sperm tubes are not converted in one go into sperm cells, but this process is carried out in groups only and at successive intervals. There are also permanent and continuous divisions of generators For me to produce the numbers more and more so we find all stages of sperm formation in one testicle at once.

spermato genesis.. Multiplication, growth, maturity, differentiation (mobility), ability to move and fertilize

spermato genesis:
The primary germ cells present in the seminal nuclei of the testicle begin to form the sperm cells in the semen. In many vertebrates, the sperm cells are located in the outer region of the spermatozoa, where the outer membrane of the spermus is attached to the semen. However, what remains of them outside the spermic tubules and inside the connective connective tissue With a built-in catheter.
(1) Multiplication phase:
The semen is divided into a number of times related to the type of object to give a large number of semen mothers to form a source of new sexual cells.
(2) Growth stage:
Some sperm cells continue to divide and some begin to grow. Each one is divided into two cells, each of which enters a growth stage by increasing the size of the cell by increasing the amount of cytoplasm known as primary or primary sperm cells, the largest sperm cells, Semen and be in a continuous split state.
(3) Maturity stage:
The primary sperm divide is divided by the first mitotic fraction after multiplying the chromosome DNA to give each cell two cells, each known as the secondary sperm cell containing half the number of chromosomes found in the sperm cells of the semen, which are smaller than the previous ones and also turn towards the center and have a dark nucleus In turn, it is divided in the case of the composition of the sperm by the second mitotic division to give four small cells with a small, central, dark central nucleus, the seminal vultures that pass through a differentiation phase in which all sperm components are formed. In summary, the mother cell of one semen grows to be a primary sperm cell divided by the first equitable division to be two secondary cells and two are divided in the division of equitable to be the two vowels are differentiated to the spermatozoa and so each cell of semen formed four mature sperm cells half chromosomes accumulate in Anibiba Center in the form of cellular groups.
(4) differentiation stage (shift):
The seminal viability is characterized by the ability to move and fertilize in a process known as the velocity shift. It involves the mutation of the seminal vesicle from an ordinary cell with a small, spherical and small central globular nucleus, chromatin bodies, a clear number of Golgi and mitochondria, two central bodies and a cytoplasm containing cellular organelles.

Formation of oocytes.. Female ovarian gametes of primary sex cells are the same as those in which sperm are formed

Females in the ovaries of primary sex cells are formed on the same approach as sperm, with many fundamental differences (not male as females) where primary sex cells rush to the sperm and divide into groups of cells known as phytoplankton. Time The sex of an individual may be determined to become a female and its ovaries are ovulated and the cells that make up the ovoid cords are known as egg oogonia.

Multiplication Phase.. Primary bacterial cell division is several times indirectly split to give a large number of white mothers

Multiplication Phase:
The primary bacterial cells are divided several times indirectly to give a large number of oogonia mothers containing 46 chromosomes. These are closely related to the ovarian membrane in groups known as mammalian egg nests. This stage occurs after ovarian differentiation in the embryonic stage of the formation.

Growth Phase.. Increased likelihood of birth defects in children born to older women

Growth Phase:
Some mammalian mothers begin to grow. In some species, this growth may be astonishing. It is 100,000 times the size of the original. It is clear that growth provides the egg with what the fetus needs for its growth of food. Chromosomal DNA also doubles and the rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis increases. These developing cells are known as primary oocyte cells and only one of them grows, surrounded by vesicular cells of the ovarian epithelium, ie the surface layer of the ovary, forming one layer of the follicular cells and then known as the primary follicle. Yeh other primary in the multiplier phase for months, but for several years up in the human female to 50 years and this would increase the damage Chromosome rates at this time and throughout a woman's fertility period mature oocyte primary and one each month in response to stimulating hormone. This is the primary reason for the increased likelihood of birth defects in children born to older women.
The primary follicle continues to grow towards the other surface of the ovary. It is first surrounded by two layers of the follicular cells, known as the secondary follicle and then three layers of the follicular cells, known as the trigeminal follicle. A large number of follicular cells accumulate around it. Here is the accumulation of vesicular aggregation and inside it the mature primary egg. A special structure known as the Grafian follicle is found in the body, which is formed by the division of the cells forming the follicle into two parts. The section is still surrounded by the egg (the vesicular aggregate) and the other is located under the vesicular envelope, And a cavity of the vesicle filled with a fluid known as vesicular fluid or yellow liquid, a thin transparent yellow liquid formed by the follicular cells of the granular layer. Between the egg and the vesicular aggregation, a clear area known as the zonapelucida is present. Because of the functions of the follicular cells that surround the egg since its growth and maturity Is the protection of the developing egg and its nutrition and the deposition of nutrients in it and among the important substances that accumulate in the oocytes, which is a major food reserve for most developing embryos is a non-living material does not enter with the processes of division, There are several models of different types of methods to produce.
Some proteins are made up of some lipids. Other types of lipids are made up of lipids, lipids, some proteins, and many types of salts and vitamins. The vertebrates are created in the liver and carried in a dissolved form to the ovaries with the blood stream The follicular cells pick up and transfer it to the mature ovarian cell. However, as a transparent area between the egg and its feeding vesicles, microvilli cells protrude from the surface of the egg with their vesicle cells to absorb the mucus through the microcellular membranes In some animals such as Drosophila, the cells of the developing ovarian cell are derived from the white mothers and are connected to each other and are connected to the primary ovule by bridges Cytoplasmic and through which nutrients are connected to the egg.
In addition to accumulating in the cytoplasm molecules of glycogen, lipids and proteins, which are part of enzymes and glycoprotein and a large amount of ribosome RNA and structures called cortical granules and after the completion of the deposition of nutrients necessary for the development of the fetus increased pressure of vesicular fluid on the wall of the vesicle causing the explosion and rupture the surface of the ovary on the side Which corresponds to the vesicle and the exit of the egg, and with it the liquid vesicular, which is the warm water of the woman, which has already been mentioned, which is like the feather Althair, which carries the egg to the egg channel and this phase takes about a month and about Mei ovulation process Ovalation.

Maturation Phase.. The sperm penetrate the egg membranes and stabilize the secondary egg at the top of the egg channel

Maturation Phase:
The ovulation of the egg from the ovary serves as an alert to divide the first mitosis. During the split, the nucleus of the primary follicular cell moves to a side location near its wall. This locates one of the poles of the ovarian cell, the animal pole. The opposite represents the vegetative pole. Secondary oocyte (half-chromosome) and a small body is the first polar body.
The secondary egg is located at the top of the egg channel waiting for the sperm to be fertilized. Note that the ovary is surrounded by a part of its flexible connective tissue known as the vesicle.
The second mitosis of the secondary egg occurs within the egg channel. The sperm infiltration of its membranes is an indication of it. A single large cell containing the greater part of the cytoplasm is the maturation ovam and a small body, the second polar body, which contains a very small amount of cytoplasm The first polar body (first divided) is divided into two polar bodies. After a short period, these three polar bodies disappear. Therefore, their composition is only half the number of chromosomes in the nucleus of the ovarian cell and the egg receives the largest amount of cytoplasm for me The word on the huge inventory of materials that produce and accumulate during oocyte growth, even if the division got equal to each of the two cells Nadjtin equal amount of materials stored, which is very less than is necessary for the successful formation and normal embryo.
Perhaps the follower of the previous stages of growth, see without any doubt and doubt that the instinct exists and that the care of God include us since we were nothing mentioned before the fertilization and the formation of the embryo and the first steps of the formation of the fetus and it is evident clearly in the parental care that the ovary ovulation of the ovary The Prophet, "All of you are a shepherd and you are all responsible for his flock," he undertakes to care since its inception and during the stages of its growth until it leaves it is fed by the food, which ensures its function in the custody and care of the fetus during the stages of composition and then take care of concern and fear it as aware of the magnitude of its mission and the weakness of paper (The likes of Salahuddin and Khalid Bin Al Waleed) and on the house in which she arises to qualify her to perform her physical function to become able to conceive and psychologically nourish the soul with religion. Which will be surrounded by a fence of high creation and science aimed at providing them with protection under the guidance to the year of the Prophet peace be upon him and prepare to be a successful wife and a great mother and see that the ovary and until the last minute surrounds the egg part of its connective tissue expressing his grief for separation and passion To the father to emphasize the ways of protection and prevention and then recommend them as she leaves her home, which grew up in the marital home to be a valid husband, but realize that the situation of Muslims today in the longing to the ideals of our leaders the first bones in the early Islam and reminds us of the will of the Arab girl on the night of her wedding and the Prophet The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "It is not fit for a person to prostrate to a human being, even if he is praying for a human being to prostrate to a man to order a woman to prostrate to her husband. The man recommended it at the last moments of his life and when he was ill : - "Ask good women, but you have a sponsor you do not have anything ... modern" and says: - "Good for you and good for your family and I am good for my family" "Any woman died and her husband satisfied her entered Paradise."

The embryonic configuration in the skeleton .. The division continues until the formation of the ballastiola, which resembles a hollow ball consisting of one layer of cells

The seahm is categorized into the Division of Headbells, a transparent, tapered marine animal, ranging in length from 3.5 to 5 cm. The embryos are fertilized and fertilized in this animal externally. After an hour of fertilization, the stages of spawn, which are of the complete and equal type, begin to divide until the stage of the formation of the plastula, which is characterized as a hollow-like structure consisting of one layer of cells. Which represents an initial differentiation stage where the three bacterial layers are formed and the organismic phase begins.

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