Showing posts with label Poison. Show all posts

Stopping the Spread: Preventing Poison Absorption and Seeking Medical Help

Stopping Poison Absorption: Immediate Action

If you suspect someone has ingested a poison, it's crucial to seek medical attention immediately. While waiting for help to arrive, you can take certain steps to try to prevent further absorption of the poison.

General Guidelines:

Do not induce vomiting: Unless instructed by a healthcare professional, do not try to make the person vomit. This can be dangerous and may further irritate the digestive tract.
Avoid giving anything by mouth: Do not give the person anything to eat or drink, as this can interfere with treatment.
Call for help: Contact your local emergency services or poison control center for immediate assistance.

Specific Actions:

Skin contact: If the poison has come into contact with the skin, rinse the affected area with plenty of water. Remove any contaminated clothing.
Eye contact: If the poison has gotten into the eyes, flush them with water for at least 15 minutes.
Inhalation: Move the person to fresh air. If they are having difficulty breathing, seek medical attention immediately.

Medical Treatment

Healthcare professionals will assess the situation and determine the appropriate course of action. This may include:

Activated charcoal: This substance can bind to the poison in the digestive tract, preventing its absorption.
Antitoxins: Specific antidotes may be available for certain poisons.
Supportive care: Treatment may focus on managing the symptoms of poisoning and supporting vital functions.

Remember, it's crucial to act quickly and seek professional medical help as soon as possible.

Chronic Mycotoxin Poisoning: A Growing Concern

Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain types of fungi, commonly known as molds. When ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin, mycotoxins can cause a range of health problems, both acute and chronic.

Chronic Mycotoxin Poisoning:

Chronic mycotoxin poisoning occurs when individuals are exposed to low levels of mycotoxins over a prolonged period. This can happen through contaminated food, water, or air. Symptoms can be insidious and may take years to develop.

Common Symptoms of Chronic Mycotoxin Poisoning:

Digestive issues: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
Neurological symptoms: Headaches, fatigue, dizziness, cognitive difficulties
Respiratory problems: Cough, shortness of breath, wheezing
Skin problems: Rashes, eczema, dermatitis
Immune system dysfunction: Increased susceptibility to infections
Liver and kidney damage.

Common Mycotoxin-Producing Fungi:

Aspergillus: Found in soil, air, and decaying organic matter.
Penicillium: Found in soil, air, and food.
Fusarium: Found in soil, plants, and grains.
Alternaria: Found in air, plants, and decaying organic matter.

Sources of Mycotoxin Exposure:

Contaminated food: Mycotoxins can be found in grains, nuts, fruits, and vegetables.
Indoor air quality: Mold can grow indoors, especially in damp and humid conditions, leading to mycotoxin exposure.
Occupational exposure: Individuals working in agriculture, construction, or other industries may be exposed to mycotoxins.

Prevention and Treatment:

Prevent mold growth: Maintain a dry and well-ventilated environment in your home and workplace.
Inspect food: Be cautious of moldy food and discard any items that show signs of contamination.
Personal protective equipment: Wear appropriate protective gear when working in environments where mycotoxin exposure is possible.
Medical evaluation: If you suspect you may be experiencing chronic mycotoxin poisoning, consult a healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment.

It's important to note that chronic mycotoxin poisoning can be difficult to diagnose, as symptoms may mimic other conditions. Early detection and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing this health issue.

Kidney toxins are examples of macro toxin:

Heavy metals such as uranium, cadmium, mercury lead.
Antibiotics such as aminoglycides, which include streptomycin niomycin, kanamycin and gentamycin.
Analgesics such as acetaminophen (Acetaminophene).
Other substances such as bromobenzine, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and these toxins are transformed by metabolism into highly toxic substances and cause damage to the cells of the kidneys.

How can you prevent aminoglycoside toxicity?

To minimize the risk of nephrotoxicity, select loading and maintenance aminoglycoside dosages based on estimated creatinine clearance. Also, monitor peak and trough serum aminoglycoside levels, replenish volume, and correct potassium and magnesium abnormalities.

Why do aminoglycosides cause toxicity?

Aminoglycoside Nephrotoxicity

They exert their main toxic effect within the tubular cell by altering phospholipid metabolism. In addition to their direct effect on cells, aminoglycosides cause renal vasoconstriction.

Are aminoglycosides selectively toxic?

Because aminoglycosides are selectively toxic to the kidney and the inner ear, research has long focused on the mechanism of drug transport into these two organs.

Which toxicity is specific to gentamicin?

Gentamicin is potentially ototoxic (potentially damaging to the organs of the ear, specifically the auditory nerve, cochlea or vestibular system) and nephrotoxic (potentially damaging to the kidney).

Which antibiotics are the most toxic?

Combinations containing chloramphenicol ranked most toxic overall, those containing econazole least.

What is aminoglycosides used for?

Aminoglycosides are mainly used in the treatment of aerobic gram-negative bacilli infections. They are also effective in treating other bacterial infections, including: Complicated urinary tract infections. Pneumonia and upper respiratory tract infections.

What is gentamicin used for?

Gentamicin injection is used to treat serious bacterial infections in many different parts of the body. Gentamicin belongs to the class of medicines known as aminoglycoside antibiotics. It works by killing bacteria or preventing their growth.

What are the 3 aminoglycosides?

The aminoglycosides are broad-spectrum, bactericidal antibiotics that are commonly prescribed for children, primarily for infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens. The aminoglycosides include gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, neomycin, and streptomycin.

Which aminoglycosides are least toxic?

However, the aminoglycosides displayed marked differences in the threshold dose required to produce toxic reactions, permitting the following ordering of toxicity: (most toxic) gentamicin greater than netilmicin = tobramycin greater than amikacin = kanamycin (least toxic).

What is the most toxic aminoglycoside?

Gentamicin is the most nephrotoxic aminoglycoside. Because of serious health complications ensue the nephrotoxicity induced by aminoglycosides, finding new therapeutic strategies against this problem has a great clinical value.

What are the toxicities of aminoglycosides?

The toxicities of aminoglycosides include nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity (vestibular and auditory) and, rarely, neuromuscular blockade and hypersensitivity reactions. Nephrotoxicity receives the most attention, perhaps because of easier documentation of reduced renal function, but it is usually reversible.

Fungal toxins .. Biological compounds produced by a group of fungi have the ability to produce secondary metabolites when they grow on a suitable environment

Fungal toxins are a family of biological compounds produced by a group of fungi that have the ability to produce secondary metabolic compounds when grown on a suitable environment. Secondary metabolic products of fungi are biologically active and non-antigenic toxins in the sense that their molecular structure is free from the components that are paid The organism to form antibodies, and most of them are toxic to humans, animals, plants and microorganisms. The toxic products of humans and animals are called "Mycotoxins".
The toxic compounds of microorganisms are called antibiotics, which often cause abnormal biological changes in the organism. In general, it is agreed that the secondary metabolic products of the mycotoxins, And also on the resulting poisoning processes expression of mycotoxicosis.
In general, mycotoxins reach human and animal food through contamination of food or food provided by the fungus. These are called direct contamination. The food encourages the growth of the fungus either during the different stages of production or during transportation or storage.
Or contamination may be indirect as a result of contamination of components of food with mycotoxin, and this is by feeding human animal products from animals previously fed on feed contaminated with fungal toxins and the second way is the most dangerous.
These toxins can be produced in the field before harvest or after harvest and during storage of different materials.
As a result of fungus growth, it metabolizes and produces fungal toxins, and fungi growth requires specific environmental conditions
Such as: increased humidity - poor storage - an abundance of oxygen - contamination with fungi - mechanical damage.
There are many fungal species (Aspergillus - Penicillium - Fusarium - Stakipotros - Alternaria and others) which have the ability to produce various fungal toxins. Produces the sex of Aspergillus toxin Aflatoxin - Glyotoxin - Stratogoxin - Cyclopsonic acid - Amodine - Citrine - Ochratoxin - Cogic acid - . The genus pennilium produces the toxins of citrine-patulin-trobratoxin-ocratoxin-ocratoxin-cyclophosphate.
The sex of the fusarium is produced by the zeralins and the tricosins.
The sex of stacipotros produces toxins (satoratoxin-furocarine-ruidine).
The genus Alttenaria produces toxins (ternariol-ternariol methyl ether - tetraxine - tinoin - tinozonic acid).
There are several types of aflatoxin (B1-B2-C1-C2)
However, most of the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 is enough for 2.2 milligrams of aflatoxin to damage the liver.
Aflatoxin is often exposed to the reduction enzymes and converted into aflatoxico, or oxidative enzymes, and is converted into aflatoxin M1, m 2, which appears in the milk, or is transformed into aflatoxin K1, A1, E1 in the liver.
All these derivatives are related to certain acids or sulfates and are converted into compounds that dissolve in water and can be disposed of by the body except aflatoxin B1.

Classification and classification of fungal toxins. Aflatoxins. Ukraatoxin. The Zirals. Renal toxins. Heart attack. nationality. Nervous. Carcinogenic. Leather

We will adopt the division or classification of innate toxins on the basis of what causes harm to:
1 - Hepatotoxins hepatic effect.
They are toxins that affect the liver and damage or cause cancer, such as aflatoxin and oxytoxin toxins.
2 - Nephrotoxins Nephrotoxins.
They are the toxins that affect the kidney and cause kidney cancer and renal failure such as cytrin, glyceroxin and other toxins.
Cardiotoxins: Heart toxins, such as xanthosawskin, carolic acid, and others.
4 - Gastrointestinal toxins gastrointestinal: Caltricothicin and glyotoxin.
5- Genitotoxins: Calzaryalinone.
6- Dermatotoxins, including psoralalin.
Neurotoxins: Avlatoxin B1, Robroteroxin B.
Pulmonarytoxins: 4 - Ibomianol.
9 - Toxins of blood building machines Hematopoietic toxins: Lupinosis
10-Carcinogenictoxins carcinogens: aflatoxins, patellin, streptomocysteine and others.
11 - mutagenictoxins Mutagenictoxins: benicylic acid and lutoskerin and others.
12- Teratogenictoxins: Ochratoxin A.
13 - Poisons lead to hemorrhage: de acetox.
Mycotoxins are generally classified under the following major groups:
1 - Aflatoxinat.
2. Oxytoxin.
3. The Zirals.
Aflatoxins are the most common fungal toxins because they are the most frequent and extraneous. Aflatoxin B1 is the most toxic and toxic toxin, and poultry feed is a good environment for mushroom growth and toxin formation. Aflatoxins are divided according to the blue and green reaction color and the different forms of aflatoxin G2, G1 & B2, B1.
Aspergillus parasitics is capable of producing four forms of toxins, while Aspergillus fiavous is only capable of producing B2 & B1 and aflatoxin is shown after harvest due to poor storage.

Fungus-producing fungus. Fungi fungi that are found on the grains, oilseeds and food products susceptible to fungal fungus.

The fungus is responsible for the production of these toxins, where the presence of fungus on the grain and its products and oilseeds and products, especially cake and also on all food products prone to corruption with fungi.
It has been found that 30 - 40% of the known fungi are able to produce the products of the thickness of varying degrees of risk, and it is noted that there are certain toxins produced by several fungus such as the toxin Patulin produced by fungi: Aspergillus clavatus, A.giganteus, A. terreus, Penicillium expansum, P. urticae, P. griseofulvum and others.
On the other hand, some fungi produce many fungal toxins, for example aspergillius fumigatus
The following toxins are produced: Fumagillin, Helvotic acid, Spinulosin, Fumigatin & Gliotoxin.
The fungi are separated into three groups:
(Field fungus - storage fungus - advanced decomposition fungi)
According to the appropriate time for the secretion of poison during the stages of production and circulation of food.
Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium is one of the most important fungi that produce various fungal toxins.
Aspergillus produces aflatoxin.
The Fusarium mushroom produces both Zearalenone, Deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 Toxin and Fumonisin.
Note that Penicillium mushroom produces Ochratoxin compound.
Fusarium fungi often affect maize and calyx, and note that increased humidity with high environmental temperature in these plants increases the chance of infection and secondary metabolic products (fungal toxins).
The growth of these fungi requires a temperature of 23 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit and a humidity of about 70 percent, with moderate pH and abundant oxygen.
The aspergillus mushroom needs to produce aflatoxin to a low temperature with high temperature but with cracking in the stored grain.
While the Fusarium mushroom requires a high percentage of moisture and can grow at low temperatures.
The contamination of animal feed with fungal toxins reduces the rate of growth of animals
As well as reduced milk production and reduced fertility.
And absorb the fungal toxins through the digestive tract, which affects the metabolism.
As well as the rate of activity of the endocrine different, ie, a defect in the secretion of hormones and low activity of the immune system of animals.

Contamination of food and feed with fungal toxins .. Poor storage of grains and dry fruits helps to grow microbes and bacteria, especially fungi

There are many factors that increase the production of fungal toxins in food, such as poor storage. The storage of food at high temperatures, high humidity and high water content leads to the release of many fungal toxins in food.
Poor storage of grains and dry fruits helps in the growth of microbes and bacteria, especially fungi, which work on the secretion of enzymes digestive degradation of protein and fatty substances of seeds and feed stored, which leads to destruction.
Fungi fungal toxins are also secreted as secondary metabolites.
Milk comes in the forefront of food, which is a suitable medium for the production and reproduction of aflatoxin, especially if exposed to poor storage and heat and high humidity.
Fodder provided to livestock is a cause of contamination of milk and meat with fungal toxins, so be careful to provide the appropriate warehouse in terms of humidity and temperature to maintain the safety of feed.
Of the innate toxins that may exist in fodder is what is known as the uchatoxin, which is found in the yellow corn, and proved to be behind 70% of kidney failure in Egypt.
In addition, aflatoxin is found in wheat, soybeans and rumen (human and animal food), which is responsible for cancer and renal failure.
There is a third fungus called phyomatosis that destroys brain cells and paralyzes it.
All poultry species are affected by aflatoxins. In general, total fungal toxins (total aflatoxins) should not exceed 20 pb in the diet, but B1 should not exceed 10 parts per billion. White chickens are more tolerant of aflatoxins than small chicks.
Fungal toxin (T-2) causes symptoms of ulcers on the mouth and intestines, damage to the immune system of birds, lack of egg production, lack of food intake, low weight and affect the appearance of feathers.
Poultry feed is a good environment for growing mushrooms and forming toxins.
Some feedstocks may contain residues of crops or grains unsuitable for human food. In addition, some substances are added to improve their nutritional value, such as proteins, vitamins, mineral salts, dried blood or fish powder, and may be stored under environmental conditions to encourage the growth of insects, bacteria and fungus. .
The fungus produces its toxins and is transferred to the animal and is not destroyed within the animal and thus transmitted to the human while eating meat, milk and eggs of these animals.
Aspergillus, penicillium, fusarium and lantaria are the leading contaminants of rice, wheat, maize, bread, cotton seeds, ground beans, peanuts, nuts, citrus, olives, dairy products and others. Different foodstuffs are either coarse feed materials or dry materials.

Toxic toxins and general health .. Digestive toxins. Poisons of the urinary system. Toxins of the reproductive system

Fungal toxins can be divided in terms of their effect on human and animal health into three main groups:
- A group of toxins that deal with the digestive system.
And most of the effect on the liver and it contains a large proportion of fungal toxins, the most important group Aflatoxin.
- A group of toxins that deal with the urinary system.
Especially the kidneys and the most important of them are Ukraatoxin.
- A group of toxins that deal with the reproductive system.
It has an estrogenic effect, including zeraline and its derivatives and tricosethine.

Ochratoxin .. Causes kidney failure and leads to shrinkage of kidneys and tumors in the urinary tract and affects the representation of carbohydrates in the body and mitochondrial membranes

Ochratoxin:
Its beginnings in Denmark in 1928 led to injuries of up to 7% in pigs and a loss of $ 12 million. The fungus Penicillium virdicatum and then in 1972 in the Balkans were aspergillus ochraceus.
It is produced on oil crops, wheat, barley, and its products, especially peanuts, by Aspergillus ochraceus.
The optimum temperature is 20-530 m and the lethal doses are from 13.4 to 30.3 mg / kg body weight and depending on the type of animal or bird, pigs are the most sensitive animals and poultry are the most birds.
Oxytoxin affects mainly kidneys and causes renal failure and affects the metabolism of carbohydrates in the body as well as its effect on mitochondrial membranes, leading to inhibition.
It affects human health through its effect on the kidney, which causes chronic inflammation and kidney failure and leads to kidney contraction and tumors in the urinary tract.
It affects females more than males and the most endemic countries and the spread of these diseases Balkan countries especially Bulgaria, Romania and Yugoslavia.

Aflatoxin and animal health .. The occurrence of fibrosis of the liver with fatty aggregates and the enlargement of the bile ducts of both chickens and ducks and pores of the liver in the liver with degeneration of greasy and fibrous in pigs

Different species vary in their susceptibility to acute toxicity of aflatoxin toxicity. Semi-lethal dose values range from 0.3 to 17.9 mg / kg bw depending on the type of animal. The liver is the most affected.
Studies on farm animals have shown fibrosis of the liver with fatty aggregates and inflated bile ducts for both chickens and ducks. For pigs, hepatic foci occur in the liver with degeneration of fat and fibrosis.
Some other studies have shown that they have an effect on the spleen, kidneys and lungs where hemorrhages and bleeding occur. All research has met the occurrence of liver cancer for all farm animals, especially if taken orally aflatoxin.
Aflatoxin has a tertogenic effect as its harmful effects from mother to fetus during pregnancy lead to fetal abnormalities and death. Aflatoxin has a mitagenic effect, affecting chromosomes, causing refractions and breakdowns in the chemical structure of chromatin, defect in inheritance of traits and mutations.
It should be noted that the effects of aflatoxin histological on the body effects are not reversed, once they occur, the body can not recover from them or return to normal.

Effect of aflatoxin on health .. Direct access to the body by feeding on contaminated agricultural crops or food products

Aflatoxin is secreted in oilseeds in general, such as peanuts, cotton, almonds, maize, etc. by four types of aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. tamari, A. nomius, Afr1) Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, commonly known as Aspergillus flavus group, is the most important and widespread and is secreted in the pre-harvest phase and continues under poor storage conditions and during shipment for export. The moisture content of the seed is more than 12% and the relative humidity is 85% and the temperature from 30 to 535 m is the most suitable conditions for excretion.
Aflatoxin is one of the most important fungal toxins because of its harmful effects on human and animal health. The world was known for aflatoxin in the early 1960s after an estimated 100,000 turkeys died in England after feeding on aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts. Since then, 18 species of aflatoxin have been detected, four of which are B1, B2, G1 and G2, the most dangerous and most common are B1, which has been called aflatoxin relative to the most important fungus, Aspergillus flavus, where A is the first letter of sex
And fla are the first letters of the type and Toxin is a poison, but the characters of the species is depending on their spectral reflections when exposed to the UV
Where the blue color takes B, which gives the green color, G takes the most dangerous of them at all is B1. There are also types that produce aflatoxin in the body of the animal and are present inside the milk and represent a high risk especially for children such as M1 and M.
For the risk of aflatoxin, countries have been concerned with establishing regulations and laws governing the import process to ensure the healthy and healthy product of its citizens
There are more than 100 countries in the world from 1963 until the last report of the World Health Organization in this regard, which was issued in 2003 organized the mechanism for the entry of food and agricultural crops to the markets to be safe from any contamination with Aflatoxinovi Africa only fifteen countries are Which enact laws governing the entry of agricultural crops and food products to ensure that they are safe from aflatoxin, including Egypt. The total population benefiting from these laws in Africa for the world is only 8.2%.
As for the health effects on human and animal, we find that the human body enter aflatoxin either directly by feeding on contaminated crops or food products or indirectly by feeding animal products from animals
Have been fed on feed contaminated with fungal toxins and the indirect route is the most dangerous, especially for children.

Aflatoxin and human health. The link between food contamination with aflatoxin and initial liver cancer cases and hepatitis virus infection

The information published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer confirms the positive relationship between the digestion of aflatoxin and liver cancer in humans. The association has been replicated in many communities. Studies in Thailand, Kenya, Mozambique and Uganda have confirmed the link between food contamination with aflatoxin and Primary liver cancer, and studies have also shown the correlation between the infection of the hepatitis virus and these cases. In addition to its effect on the liver. Several reports published since 1966 have confirmed the link between food contamination with aflatoxin and the appearance of Reye`s syndrome, which is characterized by an intestinal degeneration of the intestine where concentrations of aflatoxin B1 were found in blood samples of the infected.
Aflatoxin has an epidemiological incidence of the human species, the most important of which occurred in India at the end of 1974, where the outbreak of epidemiology of the liver Bergan resulted in a high rate of deaths amounted to 200 cases and included 150 villages in two provinces in northern India and the impact of 1400 cases of hospitals, all were the result of feeding on corn Stored and contaminated with aflatoxin.
The analysis showed contamination at concentrations of 0.25 to 15.6 mg aflatoxin B1 / kg corn and the chronic effects of aflatoxin cirrhosis.
Besides, aflatoxin has a role in lung cancer, although research has not been able to explain how it reached the human lung, whether through blood circulation or inhalation from the air, and also has a role in causing stomach and intestinal cancer.

Levels of fungal infections: Primary, acute, chronic and secondary infections. Treatment with organic acids such as propionic acid, sorbic, formic, acetic and bioteric

There are three levels of fungal infections:
- Acute primary infection occurs as a result of the consumption of high to moderate amounts of fungal toxins and the emergence of a condition such as hepatitis, kidney and bleeding and membranes of the mouth and intestines and can lead to death. Normal pollution levels are usually not high for this condition.
- chronic primary infection: The result of the consumption of a longer period of small to medium amounts of fungal toxins and does not produce distinctive symptoms and thus difficult to diagnose, and it reduces the productivity of animals and birds in the form of slow growth rates and reduce reproductive efficiency.
- Secondary infection: It arises from the consumption of low levels of fungal toxins and lead to a defect in natural immunity and acquired against infectious diseases and it leads to a reduction in the efficiency of immunizations and economic losses.
Care should be taken of the stores of feed components where they should be clean free of insects and mice, where temperature and humidity can be controlled. The grains can also be treated with some antifungal treatments such as organic acids such as propionic acid, sorbic, formic, acetic and bioteric.
Organic acid salts are better than organic acids alone as they are more effective for a longer period.
It should be noted that the fungal toxins that were formed in the field and before the harvest will continue to exist and will not be affected either in the storage method and the addition of fungicides.

Chemical and biological methods for decomposition of toxins. Enzyme and microbial adsorption and degradation. Active charcoal, bentonite, zeolite and silicate

There are some chemical methods that cause disintegration of some toxins such as ammonia and ozone.
Adsorption: This process is done using some colloidal material added to the feed, which is characterized by its ability to adsorb some kinds of fungal toxins on the surface and thus reduce the toxicity. The most important of these materials are active charcoal, bentonite, zeolite as well as aluminum silicate. Some of these substances can deplete certain nutrients such as vitamins and minerals.
There are some wide-area adsorption materials extracted from the wall of some yeasts.
There are some biological methods used to eliminate fungal toxins and their effects and they work through the enzymatic or microbial degradation of fungal toxins.
This method is highly effective against toxins that are difficult to absorb.

Fungal toxins and their antagonists. Increased vulnerability to parasitic, bacterial and viral diseases due to weak immune system

Fungal toxins are toxic chemical compounds produced by fungi that grow on fodder products.
Avlatoxins are the most important fungal toxins that cause direct damage to poultry and animals as well as the possibility of secretion in milk and eggs.
The exposure of the animal to impotoxic toxins leads to loss of appetite, lack of milk and meat production, gastrointestinal disorders, weakness of the immune system, neurological symptoms as well as abortion and death in the case of acute poisoning. The severity of the symptoms depends on the type and age of the animal, the dose exposed to the animal, Food for the animal.
In chickens, exposure to aflatoxin increases susceptibility to parasitic, bacterial and viral diseases due to weak immune system, low egg and meat production rate and increased rate of superiority.
There are many factors that affect the production of fungal toxins and aflatoxin toxins are produced from the metabolism of certain fungi such as Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp and Rhizopus spp ,.
The growth of fungus and therefore the production of fungal toxins on fodder components is influenced by a variety of factors including the fungus strain, for example many strains that produce aflatoxins such as A. Flavus, A. parasiticus ,. Oryza, A. falvus A and other fungi, and some species that produce more than aflatoxins such as A. Rubber, A. Niger, A. wentii, Penicillium puberulum.
Aspergillus falvus is one of the fungus-causing fungi of aflatoxins.
The growth of fungus is also affected by the type of food in which the fungus grows, as well as the humidity, relative humidity, temperature, exposure time, and ventilation. The fungi are considered to be highly oxygenated organisms.
Cereal damage caused by some insects plays an important role in the increase and spread of pollution.
Fungal toxins can be divided according to the way they affect the body into several types. Some cause poisoning of cells, some cause vomiting, some cause immunosuppression, others cause cancer, others cause genetic changes, and some have similar effects to estrogen.
The toxins can also be divided according to the organ that affects them.
Some affect the liver, such as aflatoxins and other kidneys, such as acetaminophen, some of which affect the nervous system, other digestive system and skin.
And leave the toxins innate through the following:
1 - Reduce the available quantities of nutrients: The fungi produced by toxins consumption of some energy and protein from food
Some fungal toxins also reduce the consumption of fodder and some cause irritation of the digestive system and thus reduce the absorption of nutrients and some interfere with the normal metabolism of nutrients.
2 - Effect on the systems of some endocrine and non - deaf.
3 - inhibition of the immune system and this is done through tithe building protein inside the body and some of them poisoning the cells of white blood cells.

The effect of fungal toxins on poultry .. Enlargement and yellowing of the liver and kidneys and erosion of the wall of the intestines and infections in the mouth and lack of immunity and the effect of feathers

The presence of infections or ulcers in the mouth due to the effect of fungal toxins
A. Acute impact:
Causing the deaths of large numbers of poultry as a result of eating feed contaminated with high concentrations of toxins.
B - chronic effect:
So when feeding on low concentrations of fungal toxins for a long time where caused:
- Enlargement and yellowing of the liver and enlargement of the kidneys.
- Disruption of the intestinal wall and severe inflammation.
- Inflammation in the mouth (low growth rate).
- Lack of egg production and weight of eggs and increase the percentage of fracture.
- Immunity and feather effect.
- Low fertilization rate and hatchery.
- Poor meat quality due to bleeding in the muscles and under the skin.

Preventive measures to prevent fungal poisoning .. Storage of feed materials in silos meet the appropriate conditions of heat, humidity and ventilation

Preventive measures to combat fungal poisoning:
- Storage of feed materials in silos that meet the appropriate conditions of heat, humidity and ventilation.
- Do not expose feed silos to direct sunlight.
- The storage of quantities of feed is sufficient for the consumption of birds a few days only.
- Periodic washing and sterilization of feedstocks, pans and silos.
- Addition of fungal toxins according to the quality of toxins in proportion to the degree of pollution, including zilot, naphthaite, natural minerals used in the purification of canola oil, calcium salts, sodium, anhydrous silicate.
- The use of antifungals in feed plants such as organic acids (the main strong propionic acid as antifungal - acetic acid - formic acid - its effect on the fungus is weak and has a strong effect on bacteria - sorbic acid).

Acute mycotoxin poisoning .. Deep changes in anatomical and chemical composition of body organs

Acute mycotoxicosis:
This poisoning occurs when animals consume large quantities of fungal toxins in their food and show symptoms depending on the type of poison.
Acute toxicity is not irreversible. Animals do not return to their normal state by removing the food contaminated with mycotoxin and replacing it with a healthy one, because the toxins have had an effect on organs or organs in the body of the organism and have undergone profound changes in the anatomical and chemical structure. Vital in the body.

Symptoms of acute mycotoxin poisoning .. Pulse and rapid breathing. Excessive saliva and tears. Excessive urine and intense thirst. Sensitivity to sunlight

Symptoms of acute mycotoxin poisoning suitable for the type of toxin found in food:
1. Rapid pulse
2. Tachypnea
Salivation (Slobber)
4- Lacrimation
5. Polyria and Polydipsia
6. Vomiting
7. Feed refuse
8. Diarrhea
9. Hyper-estrogenism
10. Photosensitivity
11- Skin irritation
12-Staggers
13. Dermal necrosis
14. Oedema
15. Tremor
16. Convulsion
17. Haemorrhage
18. Apathy
19. Paralysis
20- Cancer
21. Sudden death.

The risk of fungi on humans and animals .. The occurrence of abortions or amputation of parts of the body as a result of gangrene, chest allergies (asthma) and eczema

In addition to all beneficial uses of fungus, few fungal species pose a great danger to both humans and animals, both in direct and pathogenic effects, resulting in infectious diseases called fungal infections and causing many losses in both humans and animals. From the skin to the various body organs (digestive, respiratory, reproductive, pulmonary, periodic and bone) and the subsequent costs of treatment are long and difficult to the point that some doctors facilitate bacterial infection (and even viral) fungal infection. There may be cases of miscarriage or amputation of the body as a result of gangrene, along with chest allergies (Asthma), eczema, and many others.