Kidney toxins are examples of macro toxin:
- Heavy metals such as uranium, cadmium, mercury lead.
- Antibiotics such as aminoglycides, which include streptomycin niomycin, kanamycin and gentamycin.
- Analgesics such as acetaminophen (Acetaminophene).
- Other substances such as bromobenzine, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and these toxins are transformed by metabolism into highly toxic substances and cause damage to the cells of the kidneys.
How can you prevent aminoglycoside toxicity?
To minimize the risk of nephrotoxicity, select loading and maintenance aminoglycoside dosages based on estimated creatinine clearance. Also, monitor peak and trough serum aminoglycoside levels, replenish volume, and correct potassium and magnesium abnormalities.
Why do aminoglycosides cause toxicity?
Aminoglycoside Nephrotoxicity
They exert their main toxic effect within the tubular cell by altering phospholipid metabolism. In addition to their direct effect on cells, aminoglycosides cause renal vasoconstriction.
Are aminoglycosides selectively toxic?
Because aminoglycosides are selectively toxic to the kidney and the inner ear, research has long focused on the mechanism of drug transport into these two organs.
Which toxicity is specific to gentamicin?
Gentamicin is potentially ototoxic (potentially damaging to the organs of the ear, specifically the auditory nerve, cochlea or vestibular system) and nephrotoxic (potentially damaging to the kidney).
Which antibiotics are the most toxic?
Combinations containing chloramphenicol ranked most toxic overall, those containing econazole least.
What is aminoglycosides used for?
Aminoglycosides are mainly used in the treatment of aerobic gram-negative bacilli infections. They are also effective in treating other bacterial infections, including: Complicated urinary tract infections. Pneumonia and upper respiratory tract infections.
What is gentamicin used for?
Gentamicin injection is used to treat serious bacterial infections in many different parts of the body. Gentamicin belongs to the class of medicines known as aminoglycoside antibiotics. It works by killing bacteria or preventing their growth.
What are the 3 aminoglycosides?
The aminoglycosides are broad-spectrum, bactericidal antibiotics that are commonly prescribed for children, primarily for infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens. The aminoglycosides include gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin, neomycin, and streptomycin.
Which aminoglycosides are least toxic?
However, the aminoglycosides displayed marked differences in the threshold dose required to produce toxic reactions, permitting the following ordering of toxicity: (most toxic) gentamicin greater than netilmicin = tobramycin greater than amikacin = kanamycin (least toxic).
What is the most toxic aminoglycoside?
Gentamicin is the most nephrotoxic aminoglycoside. Because of serious health complications ensue the nephrotoxicity induced by aminoglycosides, finding new therapeutic strategies against this problem has a great clinical value.
What are the toxicities of aminoglycosides?
The toxicities of aminoglycosides include nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity (vestibular and auditory) and, rarely, neuromuscular blockade and hypersensitivity reactions. Nephrotoxicity receives the most attention, perhaps because of easier documentation of reduced renal function, but it is usually reversible.
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