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Loose enamel rods at the gingival floor of a class II amalgam cavity should be removed using.. Gingival marginal trimmer

Loose enamel rods at the gingival floor of a class II amalgam cavity should be removed using:

A- Straight chisel.
B- Hatchet.
C- Gingival curetla.
D- Gingival marginal trimmer.

The correct answer is C. Gingival curetla.

Explanation:

Gingival curetla: This is a specialized dental instrument designed for removing soft tissue, including loose enamel rods, from the gingival margin. It has a curved blade that allows for precise removal of tissue without damaging the underlying tooth structure.
Straight chisel: While a straight chisel can be used for removing excess enamel, it is not as precise or suitable for working in the gingival margin.
Hatchet: A hatchet is primarily used for carving and shaping tooth structure, and it is not ideal for removing soft tissue.
Gingival marginal trimmer: This instrument is used to trim the gingival margin, but it is not as effective for removing loose enamel rods.

Therefore, a gingival curetla is the most appropriate instrument for removing loose enamel rods at the gingival floor of a class II amalgam cavity.

It is important to note that this procedure should be performed by a qualified dentist or dental hygienist to ensure proper technique and avoid damaging the tooth or surrounding tissues.

Removing Loose Enamel Rods in a Class II Amalgam Cavity:

Understanding Class II Cavities:

Location: Class II cavities occur on the proximal surfaces of teeth, between adjacent teeth.
Amalgam Restoration: Amalgam is a common material used to fill class II cavities.

The Importance of Proper Preparation:

Retention: Proper preparation of the cavity, including the removal of loose enamel rods, is essential for the long-term retention and success of the amalgam restoration.
Preventing Leakage: Failure to remove loose enamel rods can lead to gaps or voids between the restoration and the tooth, which can increase the risk of leakage and secondary decay.

Gingival Curetla: The Ideal Instrument:

Designed for Soft Tissue Removal: The gingival curetla is specifically designed for removing soft tissue, including loose enamel rods, from the gingival margin.
Precision and Control: The curved blade of the gingival curetla allows for precise removal of tissue without damaging the underlying tooth structure.
Minimizing Trauma: Using a gingival curetla can help to minimize trauma to the gingival tissues, reducing the risk of post-operative sensitivity or discomfort.

Other Considerations:

Local Anesthesia: The procedure is typically performed under local anesthesia to ensure patient comfort.
Careful Technique: The dentist must use a gentle and careful technique to avoid damaging the surrounding tooth structure or soft tissues.
Post-Operative Care: After the procedure, the patient should be instructed on proper oral hygiene and follow-up care to prevent complications.

Conclusion:

The removal of loose enamel rods from the gingival floor of a class II amalgam cavity is a critical step in ensuring the success of the restoration. By using a gingival curetla and following proper technique, dentists can minimize trauma to the tissues and achieve a durable and long-lasting restoration.

Pt with denture has swallowing problem and sore throat. The problem is:

A. Posterior over extension at distal palatal end.
B. Over extension of lingual.
C. Over extension of hamular notch.

The problem is A. Posterior over extension at distal palatal end.

Here's why:

Swallowing problem: A posterior overextension can interfere with the tongue's movement and the soft palate's function during swallowing, leading to discomfort and difficulty.
Sore throat: The overextended denture can irritate the back of the throat and cause soreness.

While overextension of the lingual or hamular notch can also cause discomfort, they are less likely to directly affect swallowing and are more commonly associated with pain and irritation in the mouth.

Posterior Overextension in Dentures: A Deeper Dive

Understanding the Problem:

A posterior overextension in a denture, specifically at the distal palatal end, can lead to a variety of issues, including swallowing difficulties and sore throat. This occurs when the denture base extends too far back onto the soft palate, interfering with normal oral function.

Why Does it Cause Problems?

Interference with Swallowing: The soft palate plays a crucial role in swallowing by closing off the nasal cavity. When a denture extends too far back, it can hinder the soft palate's movement, leading to difficulties in swallowing and a feeling of food or liquid going up the nose.
Irritation of the Soft Palate: The soft palate is sensitive tissue, and when a denture rubs against it, it can cause irritation, inflammation, and pain. This can lead to a sore throat and discomfort.
Gagging: In some cases, a posterior overextension can trigger the gag reflex, making it difficult to wear the denture comfortably.

Clinical Manifestations:

Patients with posterior overextension may present with the following symptoms:

Difficulty swallowing.
Sore throat.
Gagging.
Pain or discomfort in the back of the mouth.
Difficulty speaking clearly.

Diagnosis and Treatment:

A dentist can diagnose posterior overextension through a careful examination of the denture and the patient's symptoms. Treatment typically involves:

Relining or Remaking the Denture: The denture base can be relined to adjust its extension, or in severe cases, it may need to be remade.
Adjusting the Posterior Border: The dentist can carefully trim the posterior border of the denture to reduce the overextension.
Soft Tissue Conditioning: If the soft palate is irritated, a topical anesthetic or a soft tissue conditioning agent can be used to alleviate discomfort.

Prevention:

To prevent posterior overextension in dentures, it is important to:

See a qualified dentist: Ensure that the denture is made by a skilled professional who understands proper denture fabrication techniques.
Follow post-insertion care instructions: Adhere to the dentist's recommendations for caring for the denture, including regular cleanings and check-ups.
Report any discomfort or problems promptly: If you experience any issues with your denture, consult your dentist as soon as possible.

By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for posterior overextension in dentures, patients can work with their dentists to achieve a comfortable and functional denture that improves their quality of life.

Fluorosis: A Dental Condition

Fluorosis is a dental condition caused by excessive fluoride exposure during tooth development. It results in a discoloration of the teeth, ranging from mild white spots to severe brown stains.

Causes of Fluorosis:

Excessive fluoride intake: This can occur through:

Drinking fluoridated water with high fluoride levels
Swallowing fluoride toothpaste
Using fluoride supplements excessively
Exposure to industrial fluoride pollution

Symptoms of Fluorosis:

Mild fluorosis: White spots or streaks on the teeth
Moderate fluorosis: More pronounced white or brown stains on the teeth
Severe fluorosis: Brown or black stains, pitted or chipped teeth

Prevention of Fluorosis:

Monitor fluoride intake: Ensure that your fluoride intake is within recommended levels.
Use fluoride toothpaste appropriately: Spit it out, don't swallow it.
Avoid excessive fluoride supplements: Consult your dentist if you're unsure about the appropriate dosage.
Use fluoridated water wisely: If your water supply has high fluoride levels, consider using bottled water or a water filter.

Treatment of Fluorosis:

Mild cases: May not require treatment.
Moderate to severe cases: Cosmetic treatments like dental bonding or veneers can help improve the appearance of the teeth.

Note:

While fluorosis can be unsightly, it does not typically affect the strength or function of the teeth. If you have concerns about fluorosis, consult with your dentist for an evaluation and appropriate treatment recommendations.

In post and core preparation must:

A. Extend to contrabevel.
B. Extend to full length tooth preparation.
C. Take same shape of natural tooth.
D. Take shape of preparation abutment.
E. A & d. ***
F. A & b.
G. D & c.
H. B & c.

The correct answer is: E. A & d. Here's why:

- Extend to contrabevel (A):

This is true. The post-core preparation should extend slightly into the contrabevel to provide anchorage and resistance to rotational forces.

- Extend to full length tooth preparation (B):

This is false. The post portion shouldn't reach the full length of the tooth preparation. It should leave some healthy dentin at the bottom for the core buildup.

- Take same shape of natural tooth (C):

This is false. The post-core preparation doesn't necessarily need to mimic the natural tooth shape. It should primarily focus on providing adequate mechanical retention for the post and core.

- Take shape of preparation abutment (D):

This is true. The post-core preparation should adapt to the shape of the prepared abutment to ensure a good fit and minimize stress on the remaining tooth structure.

Therefore, both A and D are required, making E the correct answer.

Other Options:

The other options are incorrect because:

F. A & b: Option B is false as explained above.
G. D & c: Option C is false as explained above.
H. B & c: Option B is false as explained above.

If the oral tissues are inflamed and traumatized, impression for making a new denture:

A- Should be started immediately in order to prevent further deterioration.
B- The occlusion of the existing denture is adjusted, and tissue condition material is applied, and periodically replaced until the tissue are recovered, then making impression take place.
C- The Pt is cautioned to remove the denture out at night.
D- A & B are correct.
E- All of the above are correct.

The correct answer for managing inflamed and traumatized oral tissues before making a new denture impression is: D. A & B are correct.

Here's why the other options are not ideal:

A. Should be started immediately in order to prevent further deterioration:

While prompt treatment is crucial, taking an impression on inflamed and traumatized tissues will likely lead to inaccurate results and potentially worsen the situation.

C. The Pt is cautioned to remove the denture out at night:

This is good advice for overall denture hygiene and tissue health, but it doesn't directly address the immediate issue of inflammation and trauma before impression taking.

E. All of the above are correct:

Combining option C with A & B is unnecessary and potentially harmful, as discussed earlier.

Best Course of Action:

Therefore, the best course of action is:

- Adjusting the occlusion of the existing denture:

This helps minimize pressure and irritation on the inflamed tissues while the patient continues wearing the denture.

- Applying and periodically replacing tissue conditioning material:

This material provides a soft, cushioning layer between the denture and tissue, promoting healing and reducing inflammation.

- Once the tissues have recovered, taking the final impression for the new denture:

This ensures an accurate and comfortable fit for the new denture.

Remember, accurate diagnosis and treatment planning by a qualified dentist are crucial for successful denture fabrication and oral health.

Additional Points:

Here are some additional points to consider:

The specific type and frequency of tissue conditioning material application will depend on the severity of the inflammation and the patient's individual needs.
Other treatment modalities like topical or systemic medications might be necessary to address the underlying cause of the inflammation.
Regular monitoring and follow-up appointments are essential to track progress and ensure optimal healing before proceeding with the new denture.

Treatment of gingival trauma from faulty oral hygiene is mainly:

a. To advice the patient to change their faulty habits immediately.
b. Reassure the patient that it will disappear by it self.
c. To buy a new brush.

While all options can play a role in treating gingival trauma from faulty oral hygiene, the most main and comprehensive approach is: a. To advise the patient to change their faulty habits immediately.

Here's why:

- Faulty habits are the root cause:

Reassuring or recommending a new brush without addressing the underlying cause won't offer long-term improvement.

- Educating and empowering the patient:

Providing specific and personalized guidance on proper brushing technique, frequency, and flossing habits is crucial for effective prevention and healing.

- Holistic approach:

This involves not just brushing technique but also factors like dietary habits, tobacco use, and potential underlying medical conditions that contribute to oral health.

Therefore, while other options may be included in the treatment plan, like recommending a soft-bristled toothbrush or providing additional cleaning tools, the primary focus should be on addressing the faulty habits that caused the trauma in the first place.

Additional Elements:

Here are some additional elements that may be included in the treatment plan for gingival trauma:

- Professional cleaning:

A dentist or hygienist can remove plaque and tartar buildup that brushing alone may not reach.

- Anti-inflammatory medications:

These can help reduce inflammation and pain associated with the trauma.

- Topical medications:

Gels or mouthwashes with antiseptic or healing properties could be prescribed.

Monitoring and Regular checkups are essential to ensure proper healing and prevent further trauma.

Remember, the best treatment approach is individualized and depends on the severity of the trauma, the specific faulty habits, and the patient's overall health. A dentist or hygienist should be consulted for a comprehensive evaluation and personalized treatment plan.

Mentally ill Child The best way to apply fluoride:

a. acidulated phosphate fluoride
b. Natural Sodium Fluoride
c. Fluoride varnish.
d. Stannous fluoride.

The correct option for applying fluoride to a mentally ill child is c. Fluoride varnish.

Fluoride varnish is a topical fluoride treatment that is commonly used in pediatric dentistry. It is a highly effective method for delivering fluoride to the teeth, especially for young children or individuals with special needs. Here's an explanation of why fluoride varnish is the best option in this scenario:

1. Ease of application:

Fluoride varnish is easy to apply and requires minimal cooperation from the child. It is painted onto the teeth using a small brush or applicator, which can be done quickly and without causing discomfort to the child.

2. Increased fluoride uptake:

Fluoride varnish has been shown to provide a higher concentration of fluoride to the tooth surface compared to other forms of fluoride, such as fluoride gels or rinses. This increased concentration enhances the uptake of fluoride by the teeth, promoting remineralization and strengthening the enamel.

3. Long-lasting protection:

Fluoride varnish forms a protective coating on the teeth, which slowly releases fluoride over time. This allows for prolonged exposure to fluoride, providing ongoing protection against tooth decay.

4. Reduced risk of ingestion:

Mentally ill children may have difficulty rinsing or spitting out fluoride products, which increases the risk of ingestion. Fluoride varnish adheres to the teeth and has a low potential for being swallowed, minimizing the chance of systemic ingestion.

It's important to note that the specific choice of fluoride treatment should be determined by a dental professional who can assess the child's individual needs and oral health status. The dentist or dental hygienist will consider factors such as the child's age, risk of tooth decay, and ability to cooperate during treatment.

MOD amalgam restoration with deep mesial box, PT come with pain related to it after 1 month due to:

a. Pulp involvement.
b. Supraocclusion.
c. Upon contact.
d. Gingival recession.

Answer A is correct.

Based on the information provided, the most likely cause of the patient's pain after one month from the MOD amalgam restoration with deep mesial box is: a. Pulp involvement.

Here's why:

- Deep mesial box:

This cavity location is close to the pulp chamber, which houses the sensitive nerves and blood vessels of the tooth.

- Pain after one month:

Pulp involvement often presents with delayed pain, even weeks or months after the initial treatment.

Other options:

- Supraocclusion:

Pain on biting would be the primary symptom, not general or spontaneous pain.

- Upon contact:

This suggests sensitivity more towards the restoration surface, not necessarily pulp involvement.

- Gingival recession:

While this can lead to sensitivity, it wouldn't typically be the cause of pain related to a deep mesial restoration.

However, it's important to remember that a definitive diagnosis can only be made by a dental professional through a thorough examination and additional tests.

Here are some additional points to consider:

- Severity and type of pain:

Throbbing, sharp pain that worsens with hot or cold stimuli is more suggestive of pulp involvement.

- Past dental history:

Previous restorations or trauma to the tooth could increase the risk of pulp involvement.

- Radiographic findings:

X-rays may reveal secondary caries near the pulp or widening of the periodontal ligament space, indicating inflammation.

It's crucial for the patient to consult their dentist as soon as possible to determine the cause of the pain and receive proper treatment.

Nausea is a complaint that a new denture wearer might encounter. It may result from:

a- Thick posterior border.
b- Denture under extended.
c- Denture slightly over extended.
d- A & b are correct. ***

The correct answer is d- A & b are correct.

Nausea is a common complaint among new denture wearers, and it can be caused by a number of factors, including:

- Thick posterior border:

The posterior border is the back edge of the denture, and if it is too thick, it can irritate the soft tissues at the back of the mouth and trigger the gag reflex.

- Denture under extended:

If the denture is not extended far enough back, it can cause the gag reflex to be triggered when the tongue touches the soft tissues at the back of the mouth.

- Denture slightly over extended:

If the denture is slightly over extended, it can put pressure on the soft tissues at the back of the mouth and cause nausea.

In some cases, nausea may be caused by a combination of these factors. For example, a denture that has a thick posterior border and is under extended is more likely to cause nausea than a denture that only has one of these problems.

If you are experiencing nausea after getting new dentures, it is important to see your dentist so that they can adjust the dentures and make sure they fit properly. In the meantime, you can try to eat smaller meals and avoid foods that are difficult to chew or swallow. You can also try sucking on ice chips or ginger ale to help settle your stomach.

Orthognathic ridge relationship (class II) presents several problems which should be taken into consideration when constructing complete denture prosthesis.

These include all EXCEPT:

a- Require minimum interocclusal distance.***
b- Have a great range of jaw movement.
c- Require careful occlusion, usually cuspless teeth are indicated.

The correct answer is b- Have a great range of jaw movement.

Class II orthognathic ridge relationships are characterized by a decreased interarch distance, which is the distance between the upper and lower alveolar ridges. This reduced distance limits the range of jaw movement, making it difficult to achieve a stable and functional occlusion with complete dentures.

The other options are all correct:

a- Require minimum interocclusal distance:

Due to the reduced interarch distance, class II orthognathic ridge relationships require a minimum interocclusal distance to accommodate the denture material and ensure adequate clearance between the dentures and the soft tissues.

c- Require careful occlusion, usually cuspless teeth are indicated:

Cuspless teeth, also known as non-anatomic teeth, have a smooth, rounded surface without cusps or ridges. They are often used in complete dentures for patients with class II orthognathic ridge relationships because they reduce the risk of interference with the opposing teeth and improve stability.

The distal palatal termination of the maxillary complete denture base is dictated by the:

A- Tuberosity.
B- Fovea palatine.
C- Maxillary tori.
D- Vibrating line.
E- Posterior palatal seal.

Vibrating line is determined the posterior extension of the posterior palatal seal.

The most accurate answer to the question is: E) Posterior palatal seal.

Here's why:

The posterior palatal seal is an important structure in a maxillary complete denture. It helps to create a seal between the denture and the palate, which is essential for retention, stability, and comfort.
The vibrating line is an imaginary line that marks the boundary between the movable and immovable tissues of the soft palate. It is located just posterior to the fovea palatine and runs approximately parallel to the posterior border of the maxillary denture base.
While both the posterior palatal seal and the vibrating line are important for complete denture fabrication, it is the posterior palatal seal that ultimately dictates the distal palatal termination of the maxillary complete denture base. This is because the seal needs to be located on the non-moveable tissue of the palate to be effective.

Here's a summary of the other options and why they are not the most accurate answer:

a) Tuberosity:

The tuberosity is a bony prominence on the maxillary bone that helps to support the maxillary denture base. However, it does not directly dictate the distal palatal termination.

b) Fovea palatine:

The fovea palatine is a depression in the midline of the hard palate. While it is a landmark for denture fabrication, it does not determine the distal palatal termination.

c) Maxillary tori:

Maxillary tori are bony outgrowths on the hard palate. They may need to be considered when determining the distal palatal termination, but they do not directly dictate it.

d) Vibrating line:

As explained earlier, the vibrating line is determined by the posterior extension of the posterior palatal seal. Therefore, it is not independent of the seal and does not directly dictate the distal palatal termination.

Therefore, based on the above explanation, the posterior palatal seal is the most accurate answer to the question regarding the distal palatal termination of the maxillary complete denture base.

Calcium channel blockers cause increase saliva secretion:

a. True.
b. False.***

The answer is False.

Calcium channel blockers actually decrease saliva secretion, leading to a common side effect of dry mouth (xerostomia). This is because calcium plays a crucial role in the signal transduction pathway for saliva production in salivary gland cells. Blocking calcium channels disrupts this pathway, consequently hindering the flow of saliva.

Therefore, option b. False is the correct answer.

The posterior seal in the upper complete denture serves the following functions:

A. It reduces Pt discomfort when contact occurs between the dorsum of the tongue and the posterior end of the denture base.
B. Retention of the maxillary denture.***
C. It compensate for dimensional changes which occur in the acrylic denture base during processing.
D. B & C are correct.

The correct answer is D. B & C are correct.

The posterior seal is a crucial component of a complete denture that serves two primary functions:

- Retention:

The posterior seal provides resistance to vertical movement of the denture, preventing it from lifting off the palate. This is achieved by creating a seal between the denture base and the soft tissues of the palate, particularly the soft palate and the fovea palatina, a small depression at the junction of the hard and soft palates. The seal is maintained by the suction forces created when the denture is seated and the tongue presses against the posterior denture border.

- Dimensional Compensation:

The posterior seal helps to compensate for dimensional changes that occur in the acrylic denture base during processing and wear. As the denture is subjected to temperature changes and occlusal forces, it can shrink or expand slightly. The posterior seal helps to accommodate these changes by providing a flexible and dynamic seal that can adapt to the denture's movement.

- Option A, "It reduces patient discomfort when contact occurs between the dorsum of the tongue and the posterior end of the denture base,":

is partially correct. While the posterior seal can reduce tongue discomfort to some extent, its primary function is retention and dimensional compensation.

- Option C, "It compensates for dimensional changes which occur in the acrylic denture base during processing,":

is also correct. The posterior seal helps to ensure that the denture maintains a stable seal even as the acrylic base undergoes dimensional changes.

Therefore, the posterior seal serves two essential functions in a complete denture: retention and dimensional compensation. By providing a tight seal between the denture and the palate, it helps to keep the denture in place and maintain a stable fit over time.

The posterior extension of max complete denture can be detected by the followings EXCEPT:

a- Hamular notch.
b- Fovea palatine.***
c- Vibrating line.

The correct answer is b. Fovea palatine.

Here's why:

a. Hamular notch:

The hamular notch is a V-shaped depression on the posterior border of the maxilla, located lateral to the pterygoid hamulus. It serves as a landmark for the posterior extension of the maxillary complete denture base.

b. Fovea palatine:

The fovea palatine are two small depressions located on the hard palate, approximately 1 cm behind the incisive papilla. While they can be used as a reference point during denture construction, they are not directly related to the posterior extension of the denture base.

c. Vibrating line:

The vibrating line, also known as the Hamulo-pterygoid line, is the border between the movable soft palate and the immobile hard palate. It is the key landmark for determining the posterior extension of the maxillary complete denture base. Extending the denture base past the vibrating line can interfere with the movement of the soft palate, causing discomfort and instability.

Therefore, the fovea palatine is the only option not directly related to the posterior extension of the maxillary complete denture base.

Which palatal form is more retentive and offers better stability to complete denture:

A- V shaped
B- Wide palate
C- U shaped***
D- Flat palate.

Complete or partial dentures are what is known, more colloquially, as dentures.

These dentures can be of two types, complete or partial dentures.
In the medical environment they are known as removable dentures.

What are full or partial dentures used for?

These dentures, nowadays, are usually used as provisional prostheses until all the treatment of dental implants, dental crowns or dental bridges is completed.

Only in elderly people, full or partial dentures are used as definitive dentures as dentures, which during the day allow you to live normally despite not having teeth in your mouth and allow you to talk, eat and interact with the people.

Partial dentures:

The removable partial denture is a prosthetic device that allows for the replacement of multiple teeth.

A partial denture replaces some teeth in the jaw, but not all.

In order to make a partial denture, there must be a sufficient number of teeth for the denture to adhere to.

In addition, these teeth must have adequate bone support.

If there is no adequate support for the denture, a partial denture can lead to premature loss of the teeth in question.

Partial dentures generally feel more secure in the mouth than full dentures, but both types of dentures require getting used to wearing them.

To fabricate a partial denture, small preparations are made on the teeth to which the denture will be attached.

Impressions of the mouth are taken and then the metal framework of the partial denture is made in the laboratory.

This framework is tried in the mouth to verify the accuracy of the fit, and then returned to the laboratory for placement of the replacement teeth and final processing.

Once the complete denture is placed in the mouth, bite adjustment is often required.

These adjustments may require one or more visits by the patient, until the denture is perfectly adapted.

Alternatives to removable partial dentures include having no dentures at all, fixed partial dentures (bridges), and crowns and/or bridges with implants.

However, implants and bridges may not be appropriate for all patients.

If missing teeth are not replaced, you can lose bone, shift teeth in your upper and lower jaw, lose the ability to chew, lose support from facial muscles and structures, and have slurred speech.

Therefore, it is best to consult your dentist about all the available options.

Complete dentures:

This type of prosthesis can be considered as restorations of last resort.

Complete dentures are used to restore function to a patient who is missing all teeth in one or both jaws.

A complete denture is a prosthetic device that attempts to replicate the appearance of natural teeth while allowing the patient to chew food and speak as naturally as possible.

Many patients have difficulty adjusting to dentures, but it must be remembered that a denture is an artificial replacement for a body part, not unlike an artificial limb.

All patients with this type of prosthesis must be willing to spend time and effort adjusting to their new prosthesis.

A patient with dentures should not expect to be able to eat "as I did when I had my own teeth."

It is very important that denture patients are examined regularly, at least once a year, to assess their oral health.

Without a routine exam, it is impossible to diagnose and treat any oral condition, both common and rare, that a patient with dentures may have.

The most common problem is a chronic, persistent fungal infection under a denture.

Many times the patient is unaware of the infection due to the slow growing nature of the organism.

Much rarer, but much more serious, is the appearance of cancer in the oral cavity. Unfortunately, oral cancer has a relatively low five-year survival rate of 31-54%.

Even more worrisome is that approximately 18% of oral cancer patients will develop secondary oral cancer lesions within one year of treatment [this rate nearly doubled in patients who did not quit smoking after diagnosis].

One reason oral cancer is so deadly is that it often goes undetected at an early stage because the patient does not routinely visit their dentist.

The bone that remains in the jaws after the teeth are extracted is the base on which the denture rests.

Over time, this bone gradually disappears without the stimulation that the teeth provide.

As this bone changes, the dentures don't fit as well as they used to and subsequently begin to move around in the mouth.

This creates irritation to the gum tissue under the denture.

These irritations can cause growths of tissue as the gums try to protect themselves and in some cases these irritated areas can become cancerous.

To recheck centric relation in complete denture:

a. Ask PT to w and close.
b. Ask PT to place tip of tongue in posterior area and close.***
c. To wet his lip and tongue.
d. All of the above.

Pt. Presented after insertion of complete denture complaining of dysphagia and ulcers what is the cause of dysphagia?

over extended.***
over post dammed.
under extended.
under post dammed.

What is dysphagia?

Dysphagia is the medical condition that causes difficulty or absolute impossibility when swallowing solid and liquid foods. When dysphagia exists, the swallowing process becomes very difficult and complicated, and can even force serious patients to look for alternative ways to maintain basic nutrition.

Types of dysphagia:

As for the types of dysphagia, there are two depending on where we find the difficulty in swallowing:
- The oropharyngeal dysphagia is the one that originates in the area of the pharynx, making it difficult to pass solid and liquid foods from the first moment of the swallowing process. Severe cases could suffer from constant aspiration with what food would pass into the trachea, choking the patient.
- The second type is esophageal dysphagia. In this case, the swallowing process manages to take solid and liquid food beyond the pharynx, but difficulties appear as they go down the esophagus. In severe cases, there may be constant vomiting that completely precludes nutrition.

Causes of dysphagia:

The causes behind a case of dysphagia can be very varied. It is convenient to keep in mind that about 50 pairs of muscles and nerves are necessary to swallow food. In addition, dysphagia could result from a more serious existing disease.

Causes oropharyngeal dysphagia:

In the case of oropharyngeal dysphagia, the following causes are usually managed:

Diseases that directly affect the pharynx or oral cavity, such as pharyngitis, tonsillitis and candidiasis.
Pharyngeal diverticulum, in this case a pouch is formed on the esophagus, collecting solid food particles that in the short term begin to create difficulties in swallowing, including also coughing attacks, bad breath and regurgitation of food.
Neurological conditions of multiple types, from Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis to strokes and injuries.
Cancer and tumors in the area of the pharynx.
Radiation therapy to treat tumors, treatment that could inflame the tissues of the area.

Causes esophageal dysphagia:

As for esophageal dysphagia, the causes are usually much more varied than in the previous case. These include:

Diaphragmatic hernia, also known as hiatus or hiatal hernia.
Different conditions that directly affect or are related to the esophagus, such as achalasia, esophageal spasms, gastroesophageal reflux, stenosis, eosinophilic esophagitis and scleroderma.
Inadequate function of the esophageal ring.
Cancer and tumors in the area of the stomach and esophagus.
Radiation therapy to treat tumors, being a treatment that can cause inflammation, scarring and stricture of the esophagus.

Symptoms of dysgafia:

In addition to the most representative symptom that dysphagia has, which is the difficulty in swallowing solid and liquid foods, there are other types of symptoms that may be very present.
In cases of oropharyngeal dysphagia, there is a chance of coughing and suffocation during meals. On the other hand, patients with esophageal dysphagia experience severe heartburn and vomiting of what is being swallowed. Outside of the meal, some symptoms of dysphagia are heartburn, weight loss, regurgitation, drooling and hoarseness when sleeping.

Diaphagia in children:

Dysphagia in children presents a series of signs to which we must pay attention, since a young child cannot explain the difficulty of swallowing food, parents should be aware of the following symptoms:

Rejection of solid foods.
Body tension during the time of eating.
Cough, vomiting and difficulty breathing during the time of eating.
Weightloss.

Diagnosis of dysphagia:

Due to the wide variety of causes behind a dysphagia, the specialist will have to do a thorough job to diagnose the problem. Even when it is a mild case of this disease, there must be a willingness to know why it is happening and what is the most effective treatment to avoid more serious medical conditions, not only for the disease itself, but for the possible consequences that these can carry.

Initially, the ENT will gather information about when and how that difficulty swallowing happens, as well as what foods cause the patient the most problems. Then you will observe the mouth and pharynx while the patient chews and swallows.

If necessary, the ENT will perform a more precise instrumental examination to make the diagnosis such as X-rays, endoscopy and manometry. During X-rays, the patient should ingest a harmless solution of barium, which will allow to see the movement of the fluids inside the pharynx and esophagus, as well as possible obstructions.

Dysphagia treatment:

When it comes to dysphagia, treatment should always aim first to prevent it from getting worse. Once this is achieved, the original cause is treated and important improvements are sought until the symptoms cease and the problem of evidence of having disappeared.

When an infection dysphagia is diagnosed, the course of action is the controlled use of antibiotics. In cases where dysphagia is a consequence of neurological problems, motor therapy is usually the most efficient resource to allow the patient to overcome it.

The existence of esophageal dysphagia may require medications to reduce heartburn and reflux, treating this gastric condition to prevent stomach rejection of solid and liquid foods consumed.

Also, doctors usually treat cases of achalasia and esophageal stricture with manual dilation. To achieve this, a suitable endoscope is used with a balloon that widens the esophagus.

Whatever the dysphagia type, cases of cancer and tumors are only treatable with surgery. If the dysphagia has reached a very severe state, the doctor may be forced to use a feeding tube through the abdomen to allow the patient adequate nutrition.

Hyperemia result in:

a. Trauma of occlusion.
b. Pain of short duration.
c. Radiographic changes.
d. All of above.

Is hyperemia a vasodilation?

Hyperaemia (also hyperemia) is the increase of blood flow to different tissues in the body. It can have medical implications but is also a regulatory response, allowing change in blood supply to different tissues through vasodilation.

Does hyperemia increase inflammation?

Redness and heat in inflammation is caused by extra blood flow and volume, called inflammatory hyperemia.

What are signs of hyperemia?

Passive hyperemia is the condition in which the blood flow to an organ gets obstructed due to a blood clot or a blockage in the blood vessels. 1. The signs and symptoms of a condition include pain, difficulty in breathing, nausea, swelling in the limbs, coughing, wheezing, and so on.

What is hyperemia in the body?

Hyperemia is when your blood adjusts to support different tissues throughout your body. It can be caused by a variety of conditions. There are two types of hyperemia: active and passive. Active hyperemia is quite common and not a medical concern. Passive hyperemia is usually caused by disease and is more serious.

The PH of the calcium hydroxide is:

a. 7.2
b. 12 ***
c. 19
d. 5.5

hydroxide was first introduced as a pulp capping agent in 1930 by Hermann and since then its use in endodontic therapy has increased.

the calcium hydroxide dressing may both prevent root canal re-infection and interrupt the nutrient supply to the remaining bacteria. Its alkalizing pH (around 12.5) promotes a destructive effect on cell membranes and protein structure

What is pH of sodium hydroxide?

The pH of a solution of sodium hydroxide is 9.

What is the pH of 0.05 Ca OH 2?

According to this statement, your pH would be 12.

Is calcium hydroxide acidic or basic?

base

Is calcium hydroxide acidic or basic? Calcium hydroxide, also known as slaked lime (with the chemical formula Ca(OH)2) is a source of hydroxide ions when dissolved in aqueous solutions. Therefore, this compound is a base.

Is calcium hydroxide a strong acid?

Some strong bases like calcium hydroxide aren't very soluble in water. That doesn't matter - what does dissolve is still 100% ionised into calcium ions and hydroxide ions. Calcium hydroxide still counts as a strong base because of that 100% ionisation.

Is calcium hydroxide a weak base?

Calcium hydroxide is a weak base as it only slightly dissociates in water. The concentration of hydroxyl ions produced due to the dissociation is very low. Therefore it is a weak base.

What is the best pH for teeth?

At a pH of 5.5 the teeth begin to demineralize, putting them at risk for cavities. A healthy mouth is in a neutral pH range. To keep your teeth healthy, you must keep oral acidity to a minimum. Teeth can actually become stronger and remineralize when the mouth has a pH of 7.5 or above.

One of anatomical land mark is...Ala tragus line.

One of anatomical land mark is:

a. Ala tragus line. ***
b. Ala orbital.
c. Frank fort plane.

Camper's level is the level between the bottom of the nose and the earlobe.

What are the anatomical landmarks?

Anatomical landmarks are defined as biologically meaningful loci that can be unambiguously defined and repeatedly located with a high degree of accuracy and precision. The relative location of landmarks provides a spatial map of the relative location of the features that the landmarks represent.

What is the anatomical landmark for maxillary impression?

The incisive papilla is one of the most stable landmarks remaining unchanged after tooth extraction and subsequent resorption of the maxillary ridge. Hence, it can serve as an anatomical landmark for assessing the original position of certain key teeth .

What are anatomical landmarks in dentistry?

Landmarks of the oral tissues include the palate, tongue, cheeks and floor of the mouth. It is significant to recognize the normal appearance of these structures during an intraoral examination of the patient.

What is the ala-tragus line?

For example, the glossary of prosthodontic terms states that the ala-tragus line runs from the inferior border of the ala of the nose to the superior border of the tragus of the ear while Spratley' describes it as running from the center of the ala to the center of the tragus.