Showing posts with label Hematology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Hematology. Show all posts

Which of the following is essential for the hemoglobin synthesis during RBC production.. Iron

Which of the following is essential for the hemoglobin synthesis during RBC production?
  • A- Folic Acid
  • B- Iron
  • C- Vitamin B12
  • D- All of these

The correct answer is: D. All of these.

All of the options listed, folic acid, iron, and vitamin B12, are essential for hemoglobin synthesis during red blood cell (RBC) production. Here's why:

- Folic acid:

Plays a crucial role in DNA synthesis and cell division, including the development of red blood cells. Deficiency in folic acid can lead to megaloblastic anemia, where red blood cells are larger than normal but carry less hemoglobin.

- Iron:

Is a key component of the heme group, which binds oxygen in hemoglobin. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia, leading to smaller red blood cells with less hemoglobin, resulting in decreased oxygen carrying capacity.

- Vitamin B12:

Is necessary for DNA synthesis and maturation of red blood cells. Deficiency in vitamin B12 can also lead to megaloblastic anemia.

Therefore, all three vitamins mentioned are essential for proper hemoglobin synthesis and healthy red blood cell production. Deficiencies in any of these nutrients can lead to various types of anemias, impacting the body's ability to transport oxygen effectively.

Sideroblastic.a seen in all except.. Aspirin

Sideroblastic.a seen in all except?

  • a. Lead poisoning.
  • b. Alcohol.
  • c. Aspirin.
  • d. Chloramphenicol.

The option most likely not associated with sideroblastic anemia is: c. Aspirin

Here's why:

Sideroblastic anemia:

This is a group of blood disorders characterized by the ineffective production of hemoglobin due to impaired iron utilization in red blood cell precursors. This leads to anemia with characteristic ringed sideroblasts (iron deposits) in the bone marrow.

Causes:

Various factors can cause sideroblastic anemia, including genetic mutations, nutritional deficiencies (vitamin B6, copper), and exposure to certain toxins or medications.

Option analysis:

a. Lead poisoning:

Lead is a well-known cause of sideroblastic anemia through its interference with heme synthesis.

b. Alcohol:

Chronic alcohol abuse can disrupt iron metabolism and contribute to sideroblastic anemia.

d. Chloramphenicol:

This antibiotic can inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis, leading to sideroblastic anemia as a side effect.

c. Aspirin:

While aspirin can cause other blood cell abnormalities, it's not typically associated with sideroblastic anemia.

Therefore, based on the typical causes of sideroblastic anemia, aspirin is the least likely option among the choices provided.

It's important to note that medical diagnoses should be made by qualified healthcare professionals based on individual patient assessments and investigations. This information is for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice.

In erythropoiesis, the sequence of erythrocyte formation is chronologically described in which option.. Stem cells, erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocytes

In erythropoiesis, the sequence of erythrocyte formation is chronologically described in which option?

a- Stem cells, erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocytes.

b- Stem cells, reticulocyte, erythroblast, erythrocytes.

c- Erythroblast, stem cells, reticulocyte, erythrocytes.

d- Erythroblast, reticulocyte, stem cells, erythrocytes.

Answer A.
Rationale: Stem cells – erythroblast- reticulocyte – erythrocytes. Erythropoietin is the hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the red marrow.

Mature red blood cells are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow. With the presence of erythropoietin, red cell pathway starts to form proerythroblast from stem cells.

At this point the cell still contains nucleus.
However, as the development progresses the nucleus becomes smaller and the cytoplasm becomes basophilic due to the presence of ribosome, thus the cell is now called basophilic erythroblast. As the cell becomes older it also becomes smaller and eventually when it begins to produce hemoglobin it is now termed as polychromatic erythroblast.

Later on the cytoplasm will become more eosinophilic and the cell is now called orthochromatic erythroblast, which will then extrude its nucleus as the cells slowly fill with hemoglobin before entering the circulation as reticulocytes. Reticulocytes will mature to form the anucleated red blood cells.

What is the main reason why it is difficult to develop a vaccine against HIV.. HIV mutates easily

What is the main reason why it is difficult to develop a vaccine against HIV?
a. HIV is still unknown to human
b. HIV mutates easily
c. HIV spreads rapidly throughout the body
d. HIV matures easily

Answer B.
Keyword: MAIN REASON. Rationale: HIV was identified in 1983, thus, A is incorrect. By 1988 two strains of HIV existed, HIV-1 and HIV-2. Viruses spread rapidly and mature easily but these factors don’t affect the potential for development against HIV. Mutating too easily makes it hard to create a vaccine against it.
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- A preventive HIV vaccine is given to people who do not have HIV infection, in order to prevent such infection in the future.
- So far, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any preventive HIV vaccine, but research is ongoing. You must be enrolled in a clinical trial to receive a preventive HIV vaccine.

What is a preventive HIV vaccine?
A preventive HIV vaccine is given to seronegative people, in order to prevent such infection in the future. The vaccine teaches the person's immune system to recognize and fight HIV effectively in case that person is exposed to HIV.

Are there FDA-approved preventive HIV vaccines?
So far, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any preventive HIV vaccine, but research is ongoing. You must be enrolled in a clinical trial to receive a preventive HIV vaccine.

How is the preventive HIV vaccine different from the therapeutic HIV vaccine?
The preventive HIV vaccine is given to people who do not have HIV infection, while the therapeutic HIV vaccine is given to people who already have HIV infection. The goal of a therapeutic vaccine against HIV is to strengthen a person's immune response to HIV that is already in their body. Researchers are studying the use of therapeutic vaccines against HIV:
- To slow the progression of HIV infection
- To eliminate the need for antiretroviral therapy (ART) while maintaining undetectable concentrations of HIV

Can I get HIV from a preventive HIV vaccine?
No, you cannot get HIV from a preventive HIV vaccine. The preventive HIV vaccines being studied in clinical trials do not contain HIV. Of the approximately 30,000 people who have participated in HIV vaccine trials worldwide in the last 25 years, none have contracted the virus through the vaccines tested.

Why is a preventive HIV vaccine important?
HIV treatment options have greatly improved in the past 30 years. However, HIV medications can have side effects, they can be expensive and difficult to find in some countries. In addition, some people may develop resistance to certain HIV medications and must change them.
Proper use of condoms and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can help prevent HIV transmission. However, researchers believe that a preventive HIV vaccine would be the most effective way to completely end new HIV infections.

What research is being done on HIV preventive vaccines?
Some of the areas of interest that are being studied in clinical trials include:
- The safety of preventive vaccines.
- If a preventive vaccine protects against HIV infection.
- If a preventive vaccine controls HIV when the person contracts it while enrolled in a study. (It is possible for a person to contract HIV through sexual contact or by sharing the drug injection team while participating in a clinical trial. However, a person cannot get HIV from the HIV vaccine being tested).
- Immune responses that occur in people who receive a preventive vaccine.
- Different ways of administering preventive vaccines, such as the use of a needle and syringe compared to a needleless device.

Organism causing osteomylitis in sickle cell patient is.. Salmonella

Organism causing osteomylitis in sickle cell patient is:

- Salmonella.
In sickle syndrome, infarctions in the spleen leads to autosplenectomy causing more predisposition to pneumococcal infections. Infarctions in the intestine leads to passage of salmonella which infect the bones causing osteomyelitis.

In A sickle cell disease patient under general anesthesia, all true except.. Tourniquet should not be avoided

In A sickle cell disease patient under general anesthesia, all true except?

- Tourniquet should not be avoided.
A sickle cell patient needs transfusion to reduce HbS below 30% prior to general anesthesia. During anesthesia, the patient should be hyperoxygenated and rapidly induced. Limb tourniquet should be avoided.

Hemoglobin breakdown takes place in.. RES

**Perl's stain
- BM iron stores

** Hemoglobin breakdown takes place in:
a. RES
b. Hepatocytes.
c. Renal tubules.

a. Normally 6gm of Hb is broken down per day into;
- Globin peptides: hydrolysed and the amino acids enter into the body amino acid pool.
- Iron:  reutilized.
- Porphyrin ring: broken down in the reticuloendothelial cells of the liver, spleen and bone marrow to bile pigments.

When using and electronic cell coulter counter, which of the following results can occur in the presence of cold agglutinins.. ↑MCV & ↑MCHC

When using and electronic cell coulter counter, which of the following results can occur in the presence of cold agglutinins:
a. ↑MCV & ↓MCHC
b. ↓MCV & ↓MCHC
c. ↓MCV & ↑MCHC
d. ↑MCV & ↑MCHC
e. ↑MCV & decreased RBC
f. ↑MCV & normal RBC
h. ↓MCV and RBC

(d) A high titer of cold agglutinin cause falsely ↑MCV, MCH and MCHC and falsely ↓ RBC count.
To correct, incubate at 37°c for 15-30 minutes and rerun the specimen. 
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