Paratyphoid:
Definition: Infectious bacterial disease affecting poultry. Chronic gastrointestinal type is present in all species of birds and at all ages and is caused by a large variety of salmonella bacteria. The disease is characterized by diarrhea and necrotic spots in multiple organs in the body.
The causative agent is a large group of non-specialized bacteria in a particular host where there are more than 100 species and about 2000 species belonging to Salmonella species. About 70% of paratyphoid epidemics cause about 10-20 serotypes of bacteria only. Salmonella typhimurium caused about half of these epidemics in poultry. These bacteria, Salmonella plurum and Salmonella can be distinguished by cell wall structures and the chemical contents of the wall, but to identify the genus of bacteria, serological tests are required. To identify the serotype, the antigens on the cell wall and on the cilia of the bacteria should be identified. There are about 40 serotypes that affect poultry and the remaining species found in humans and animals. Barativoid bacteria contain internal toxins that cause necrosis in the internal tissues. Salmonella S. Enteridis is considered a human microorganism, but it has started to cause losses in white chicken farms. The incubation period is 4 - 5 days and the disease lasts 3 - 5 weeks.
Birds exposed to the disease: are all domesticated birds and most wild birds including seabirds. Salmonella paratyphoid is generally not specialized in a particular family but Salmonella taefemurium is more pathogenic to chickens and turkeys than other birds. The acute type of disease occurs in birds younger than 4 weeks. Paratyphoid bacteria are found in birds such as pigeons, ornamental birds and tropical birds. All domestic animals, reptiles, snakes, rats and humans are also susceptible to infection. Salmonella disease in humans is associated with food poisoning and is therefore important in the overall health of the community.
Spread: There is a disease worldwide where there is a baratifoid all over the world knowing that some serotypes are concentrated in certain areas only. The first known disease was in 1884.
Infection methods: Baracteroid bacteria are present on the eggshell with the possibility of penetration into eggs. And not transmitted through the ovary. These bacteria are spread by pollination of salmonella in nurseries, hatcheries, transport boxes of chicks, polluted or contaminated pens, contaminated drinking water, mattresses, sick birds that have no symptoms, and species and species other than birds that are carriers of the disease or are stocked, such as rats, flies, reptiles, In homes and any other objects. One of the causes of poultry infection is the large diversity of carriers and the large geographical area where bacteria are prevalent. The most important sources of infection are birds contaminated with bacteria as well as poultry products and other animals. The most important sources of transmission of bacteria, especially S. Enteridis are the rats especially within the egg production areas.
Symptoms: The acute cases of the disease in birds aged 1 - 3 weeks small and also show the highest mortality in birds at the age of 1 - 2 weeks. And are from 5 - 20% and may sometimes reach 80% depending on the ferocity of bacteria causing the disease. Symptoms such as tremor, weakness, insomnia, lack of activity, cessation of eating, thirst, diarrhea, glaucoma swelling and swelling of the joints are similar. S. enteritis is present in adult birds with a mortality rate of up to 10%. In the case of food poisoning in humans, it is necessary to refer to the herd produced for this egg and its execution or the work of a veterinary stone. Contaminated eggs should only be used after their jacket.
Disease lesions: You may not see satisfactory lesions in acute cases of the disease. But can be seen liver hypertrophy, septicemia, weakness, dryness and lack of absorption of the pelvis and inflammation of the intestines and materials coveted in the eyes in the form of a horn and spots necrosis in the internal organs and congestion in the blood vessels and the liver pale and yellowing. Sometimes the infection is concentrated in the eye, salivary tissue, and in the bathroom, there is a high incidence of arthritis. Diarrhea and gastroenteritis are seen only in adult birds.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis depends slightly on the history of the condition, symptoms and lesions. Therefore, be sure to isolate the bacteria and identify them by agriculture and biochemical tests. It can take up to 3-4 days to identify the serotype.
Treatment: Do not choose birds from mothers who carry the disease. One of the most important drugs used in the treatment of nitrofuran, which helps to reduce mortality but does not remove the infection of birds. Salva compounds such as sulfa quinxylin, selvamazerrine, sulfamethazine and wolfadimethoxine can be used as effective against the disease. It is an effective antagonist of spectinomycin spectinomycin and gentamicin. In the case of young turkeys from herds infected with paratyphoid, they are injected with antibiotics at the age of one day. In general, the herd will improve if given any effective medicine against the disease Balorm or chicken typhoid.
Prevention: The most important factors to prevent the disease is the cleanliness and sterilization of the hatches and the public health care of the flock. As well as the most important factors for the spread of bird-borne bacteria and do not show signs of disease. Direct action to control the disease:
1 - sterilization of the cracks.
2 - incubation of eggs free of bacteria and sterilized by evaporation before incubation.
3. Do not mix birds or eggs from different herds.
4- Do not mix birds of different ages.
5 - Do not mix different species and species of birds in the same barn. Dead birds should be disposed of as soon as possible and not moved elsewhere.
