Pullorum disease - white diarrhea:
Definition: It is a severe or chronic bacterial disease that affects young birds and is characterized by white diarrhea and necrotic necrosis in many organs. There are no health concerns for humans from this disease.
Causative: It is a non-moving bacteria known as Salmonella pullorum, a bacterium that affects one type birds, namely chickens and turkeys. The bacteria are Gram-negative and aromatic and resist cold, sun, drought and disinfectants. And live in poultry sheds free and non-sterile for several years. The disease has been eradicated from global commercial ventures but continues to cause infection in ornamental birds. These bacteria are very similar to S. gallinarum bacteria, both of which contain the same antigens in the cell wall, so they are similar in the results of serological tests. The incubation period is 4 - 5 days and the disease lasts for 5 - 12 days
Birds exposed to the disease: are chickens, turkeys and some other birds can only carry the infection. Mammalian animals rarely have these bacteria. Bacteria are deadly to small chickens and turkeys younger than 14 days but large birds have greater resistance.
Spread: The disease is found all over the world and has been eradicated from large commercial enterprises but some areas are still infected especially non-commercial herds.
Methods of transmission of infection: The main route of infection is the ovary from the infected mother to the chicks. The bacteria are spread in polluted hatcheries, nurseries, transport boxes for chicks, poultry pens and equipment, poultry waste and poultry products as well as birds carrying the disease. When the bird is cured of the disease, it becomes pregnant and excreted for life.
Symptoms: Small chickens or turkeys begin to die at 5 - 7 days. The highest mortality rate occurs about 4 to 5 days after the onset of death. Symptoms include lethargy and accumulation around the sources of heat, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, trembling, weakness, glaucoma clustering around the complex and the presence of white pieces of glaucoma that may sometimes appear green in the color of bile duct content. After that, the disease may become chronic and the birds will become indifferent to their surroundings and will be stymied by eating. The birds that have recovered from the disease become infected with bacteria and do not show symptoms as the infection is concentrated in the ovary.
Pathogenic lesions: In acute cases, death may occur prior to the development of any visible lesions. In general, blood poisoning may occur with necrosis of the heart, liver, lung and other organs. And the lack of full absorption of the emergence of points on the joints of the wing and thigh and filled the corners with the material of cheese in the form of a century and the appearance of white diarrhea and contamination of the hole of the complex. The symptoms in adult birds are the atrophy of the ovary and the greenness of the oocytes and the irregularity of their forms. Atrophy of the testes and inflammation of the peritoneum occurs with necrosis in the liver. These lesions are similar to bird typhoid lesions.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis depends on the history of disease, symptoms, pathological lesions and positive serological immunological tests. The diagnosis is confirmed by isolation and identification of bacteria.
Treatment: Antibiotics or sulfa compounds can be used that reduce the mortality rate and do not eradicate the disease from the herd. Generally, the use of drugs in treatment may interfere with the isolation of bacteria for diagnosis. The infected herd should be executed and not used in education. Cleaning and disinfection of poultry sheds should also be carried out under the supervision of the competent government agencies.
Prevention: In the event of the emergence of this disease must be a program to be eradicated by the state. The herds of breeding should be inspected before starting production to make sure they are free from the disease. If the disease is present, it should be disposed of quickly. These include all herds of chickens, turkeys, ornamental birds, fowl and water birds.
Definition: It is a severe or chronic bacterial disease that affects young birds and is characterized by white diarrhea and necrotic necrosis in many organs. There are no health concerns for humans from this disease.
Causative: It is a non-moving bacteria known as Salmonella pullorum, a bacterium that affects one type birds, namely chickens and turkeys. The bacteria are Gram-negative and aromatic and resist cold, sun, drought and disinfectants. And live in poultry sheds free and non-sterile for several years. The disease has been eradicated from global commercial ventures but continues to cause infection in ornamental birds. These bacteria are very similar to S. gallinarum bacteria, both of which contain the same antigens in the cell wall, so they are similar in the results of serological tests. The incubation period is 4 - 5 days and the disease lasts for 5 - 12 days
Birds exposed to the disease: are chickens, turkeys and some other birds can only carry the infection. Mammalian animals rarely have these bacteria. Bacteria are deadly to small chickens and turkeys younger than 14 days but large birds have greater resistance.
Spread: The disease is found all over the world and has been eradicated from large commercial enterprises but some areas are still infected especially non-commercial herds.
Methods of transmission of infection: The main route of infection is the ovary from the infected mother to the chicks. The bacteria are spread in polluted hatcheries, nurseries, transport boxes for chicks, poultry pens and equipment, poultry waste and poultry products as well as birds carrying the disease. When the bird is cured of the disease, it becomes pregnant and excreted for life.
Symptoms: Small chickens or turkeys begin to die at 5 - 7 days. The highest mortality rate occurs about 4 to 5 days after the onset of death. Symptoms include lethargy and accumulation around the sources of heat, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, trembling, weakness, glaucoma clustering around the complex and the presence of white pieces of glaucoma that may sometimes appear green in the color of bile duct content. After that, the disease may become chronic and the birds will become indifferent to their surroundings and will be stymied by eating. The birds that have recovered from the disease become infected with bacteria and do not show symptoms as the infection is concentrated in the ovary.
Pathogenic lesions: In acute cases, death may occur prior to the development of any visible lesions. In general, blood poisoning may occur with necrosis of the heart, liver, lung and other organs. And the lack of full absorption of the emergence of points on the joints of the wing and thigh and filled the corners with the material of cheese in the form of a century and the appearance of white diarrhea and contamination of the hole of the complex. The symptoms in adult birds are the atrophy of the ovary and the greenness of the oocytes and the irregularity of their forms. Atrophy of the testes and inflammation of the peritoneum occurs with necrosis in the liver. These lesions are similar to bird typhoid lesions.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis depends on the history of disease, symptoms, pathological lesions and positive serological immunological tests. The diagnosis is confirmed by isolation and identification of bacteria.
Treatment: Antibiotics or sulfa compounds can be used that reduce the mortality rate and do not eradicate the disease from the herd. Generally, the use of drugs in treatment may interfere with the isolation of bacteria for diagnosis. The infected herd should be executed and not used in education. Cleaning and disinfection of poultry sheds should also be carried out under the supervision of the competent government agencies.
Prevention: In the event of the emergence of this disease must be a program to be eradicated by the state. The herds of breeding should be inspected before starting production to make sure they are free from the disease. If the disease is present, it should be disposed of quickly. These include all herds of chickens, turkeys, ornamental birds, fowl and water birds.
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