Many biotechnologies have been used in animal husbandry and have contributed effectively to improving the results of genetic assessment, selection and genetic improvement. Many new technologies are still in the experimental phase, although a number of them are still in the stage of dreams that are likely to be seen in the future. To modify a lot of reproductive qualities and shorten the time required for genetic evaluation and increase the accuracy and use of genetic engineering techniques.
Many reproductive traits have been improved using proven techniques such as artificial insemination, which has contributed to increased male electrophysiology with more accurate assessment of educational values. On the other hand, it was possible to increase the intensity of the selection of females and shorten the age of the generation using the technique of multiple ovulation and Embryo transfer and to take advantage of all the potential energy of the ovary was used in vitro oocyte maturation and in vitro fertilization where the ovary is removed and artificially ripened in a special medium and then Fertilization of eggs and transferred to other cows or stored in freezing and this technology contributes to shorten the age of the generation, but need to study more and reduce costs. In order to obtain identical animals in their genetic makeup, the technique of splitting embryos was used. Thus, the intensity of the selection could be greatly increased. Completely identical animals could be obtained using Cloning technology. In 1997, Dolly was cloned in Scotland. In this technique, And then reprogrammed to begin embryo stage and develop into adulthood again, and if the development of this technology and the possibility of economic application will have a significant impact in the inheritance and animal husbandry.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques are used to replicate the DNA to be seen in the gel. This technique was used to determine the sex at a very early age. There are attempts to use the technique of sex determination, through which the animals are separated The sperm carrying the Y chromosome on the sperm carrying the X chromosome, although this technique is slow to develop and ineffective, if applied will be useful in mixing and replacement programs.
Educational values are usually estimated based on the phenotype of the individual and relatives, and the effect of the environment overlaps with the influence of genetics. This reduces the accuracy of the assessment. Recently, biotechnology and the possibility of direct analysis of animal genetic makeup have been developed to obtain greater accuracy in genetic evaluation compared to the phenotype-specific selection only. This is called the Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) because the information used to calculate educational values is based on a parameter information service DNA markers. This technique increases the accuracy of genetic assessment of animals and shortens the time needed to identify genetically superior animals. This depends on the knowledge of the gene sites, which was obtained by the publication of the genetic linkage maps of many agricultural animals in 1994, Between genes and their arrangement on the chromosome Although this technique is good at controlling the traits affected by a few genes such as some genetic diseases, it still needs a lot of study in the economic attributes controlled by a large number of alleles.
Genetic engineering and the transfer of genes between members of one sex or between different races has been and remains the source of many dreams and imaginations that can be achieved in the future, the transfer of a genetically desirable same-sex animals overcome many of the problems that arise when mixing and the emergence of undesirable qualities in addition to Shorten the time required to transfer this trait, and there are several techniques for the transfer of genes within the same gender is still in the process of study and experience. Transferring the gene between heterosexuals who are not married has many difficulties and is still technically under development. Finally, the animals that carry any part of the DNA are not originally from their genetic makeup called transgenic animals. The benefits of gene transfer are still limited due to the lack of information about genes and their effects, how they accurately control the quality of the gene, how the gene expresses itself in the animals transferred to it, future studies of genes, their effects and causes of variation, Agricultural animal.
Many reproductive traits have been improved using proven techniques such as artificial insemination, which has contributed to increased male electrophysiology with more accurate assessment of educational values. On the other hand, it was possible to increase the intensity of the selection of females and shorten the age of the generation using the technique of multiple ovulation and Embryo transfer and to take advantage of all the potential energy of the ovary was used in vitro oocyte maturation and in vitro fertilization where the ovary is removed and artificially ripened in a special medium and then Fertilization of eggs and transferred to other cows or stored in freezing and this technology contributes to shorten the age of the generation, but need to study more and reduce costs. In order to obtain identical animals in their genetic makeup, the technique of splitting embryos was used. Thus, the intensity of the selection could be greatly increased. Completely identical animals could be obtained using Cloning technology. In 1997, Dolly was cloned in Scotland. In this technique, And then reprogrammed to begin embryo stage and develop into adulthood again, and if the development of this technology and the possibility of economic application will have a significant impact in the inheritance and animal husbandry.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques are used to replicate the DNA to be seen in the gel. This technique was used to determine the sex at a very early age. There are attempts to use the technique of sex determination, through which the animals are separated The sperm carrying the Y chromosome on the sperm carrying the X chromosome, although this technique is slow to develop and ineffective, if applied will be useful in mixing and replacement programs.
Educational values are usually estimated based on the phenotype of the individual and relatives, and the effect of the environment overlaps with the influence of genetics. This reduces the accuracy of the assessment. Recently, biotechnology and the possibility of direct analysis of animal genetic makeup have been developed to obtain greater accuracy in genetic evaluation compared to the phenotype-specific selection only. This is called the Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) because the information used to calculate educational values is based on a parameter information service DNA markers. This technique increases the accuracy of genetic assessment of animals and shortens the time needed to identify genetically superior animals. This depends on the knowledge of the gene sites, which was obtained by the publication of the genetic linkage maps of many agricultural animals in 1994, Between genes and their arrangement on the chromosome Although this technique is good at controlling the traits affected by a few genes such as some genetic diseases, it still needs a lot of study in the economic attributes controlled by a large number of alleles.
Genetic engineering and the transfer of genes between members of one sex or between different races has been and remains the source of many dreams and imaginations that can be achieved in the future, the transfer of a genetically desirable same-sex animals overcome many of the problems that arise when mixing and the emergence of undesirable qualities in addition to Shorten the time required to transfer this trait, and there are several techniques for the transfer of genes within the same gender is still in the process of study and experience. Transferring the gene between heterosexuals who are not married has many difficulties and is still technically under development. Finally, the animals that carry any part of the DNA are not originally from their genetic makeup called transgenic animals. The benefits of gene transfer are still limited due to the lack of information about genes and their effects, how they accurately control the quality of the gene, how the gene expresses itself in the animals transferred to it, future studies of genes, their effects and causes of variation, Agricultural animal.