The basic projection of mastoid is:
A- lateral 25 degree caudal and AP oblique.
B- lateral 25 degree cephalic and AP oblique.
C- Town's and lateral.
D- PA and lateral.
E- PA and AP oblique.
Mastoiditis describes inflammation of the mastoid, the triangular protrusion of the base of the temporal bone, located behind the ear. Mastoiditis usually occurs when otitis is not or poorly treated: the infection then spreads from the middle ear to the mastoid. It is one of the most common complications of acute otitis media in children under two years of age. Left untreated, it can have serious consequences like deafness or sepsis.
Definition of mastoiditis:
Mastoiditis describes inflammation of the mastoid. The mastoid is the triangular protruding part of the base of the temporal bone, located behind the ear. It plays the role of resonator thanks to its cavities, or cells, filled with air.
Mastoiditis usually occurs when otitis is not or poorly treated: the infection then spreads from the middle ear to the mastoid. Before the arrival of antibiotics, mastoiditis was one of the leading causes of death in children.
Types of mastoiditis:
Two forms of mastoiditis can be distinguished:
- chronic mastoiditis;
- Acute mastoiditis: masked mastoiditis, or decapitated mastoiditis, and externalized mastoiditis.
Causes of mastoiditis:
Chronic mastoiditis is due to chronic otitis, which is prolonged over time.
Most acute mastoiditis is caused by pneumococcal bacteria. But other germs may be involved: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae, Proteus mirabilis and other anaerobic germs.
Diagnosis of mastoiditis:
The symptoms of the patient are the first diagnosis of mastoiditis by the attending physician.
A bacteriological sample combined with an antibiogram then makes it possible to identify the bacteria at the origin of the infection and to determine the appropriate antibiotic.
Other examinations can be done to perfect the diagnosis:
- A scanner of the lateral part of the skull just at the level of the ear;
- An otoscopy (visualization of the eardrum and external auditory canal) in search of causative otitis.
Treatments of mastoiditis:
When detected early enough, mastoiditis can be treated with oral or intravenous antibiotics.
The bacteriological sampling combined with an antibiogram then makes it possible to direct the continuation of the treatment:
- Continuation of antibiotics for at least two weeks;
- Hospitalization of a few days for the follow-up.
If an abscess is formed in the bone, surgery, performed under general anesthesia, may be necessary:
- Paracentesis or puncture of secretions - accumulated in the middle ear;
Put in place a transtympanic aerator to facilitate the evacuation of secretions;
- Mastoidectomy (removal of part of the mastoid) and surgical drainage.
A- lateral 25 degree caudal and AP oblique.
B- lateral 25 degree cephalic and AP oblique.
C- Town's and lateral.
D- PA and lateral.
E- PA and AP oblique.
Mastoiditis describes inflammation of the mastoid, the triangular protrusion of the base of the temporal bone, located behind the ear. Mastoiditis usually occurs when otitis is not or poorly treated: the infection then spreads from the middle ear to the mastoid. It is one of the most common complications of acute otitis media in children under two years of age. Left untreated, it can have serious consequences like deafness or sepsis.
Definition of mastoiditis:
Mastoiditis describes inflammation of the mastoid. The mastoid is the triangular protruding part of the base of the temporal bone, located behind the ear. It plays the role of resonator thanks to its cavities, or cells, filled with air.
Mastoiditis usually occurs when otitis is not or poorly treated: the infection then spreads from the middle ear to the mastoid. Before the arrival of antibiotics, mastoiditis was one of the leading causes of death in children.
Types of mastoiditis:
Two forms of mastoiditis can be distinguished:
- chronic mastoiditis;
- Acute mastoiditis: masked mastoiditis, or decapitated mastoiditis, and externalized mastoiditis.
Causes of mastoiditis:
Chronic mastoiditis is due to chronic otitis, which is prolonged over time.
Most acute mastoiditis is caused by pneumococcal bacteria. But other germs may be involved: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae, Proteus mirabilis and other anaerobic germs.
Diagnosis of mastoiditis:
The symptoms of the patient are the first diagnosis of mastoiditis by the attending physician.
A bacteriological sample combined with an antibiogram then makes it possible to identify the bacteria at the origin of the infection and to determine the appropriate antibiotic.
Other examinations can be done to perfect the diagnosis:
- A scanner of the lateral part of the skull just at the level of the ear;
- An otoscopy (visualization of the eardrum and external auditory canal) in search of causative otitis.
Treatments of mastoiditis:
When detected early enough, mastoiditis can be treated with oral or intravenous antibiotics.
The bacteriological sampling combined with an antibiogram then makes it possible to direct the continuation of the treatment:
- Continuation of antibiotics for at least two weeks;
- Hospitalization of a few days for the follow-up.
If an abscess is formed in the bone, surgery, performed under general anesthesia, may be necessary:
- Paracentesis or puncture of secretions - accumulated in the middle ear;
Put in place a transtympanic aerator to facilitate the evacuation of secretions;
- Mastoidectomy (removal of part of the mastoid) and surgical drainage.
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