A pharmacist repackages 10 lb of an ointment in to jars to be labeled 2 oz(with). How many jars can be filled?
a- 73
b- 80***
c- 83
d- 88
e- 100.
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Ointments or ointments are pharmaceutical forms consequence of the use of fats or substances of similar properties for application of active ingredients in the skin. Its fundamental difference with creams is the absence of water in its composition.
Composition:
Ointments or ointments, consist of fats or substances of similar characteristics that have a semi-solid appearance at 25 ° C. It is this physical property that really defines them since the chemical composition is enormously varied. Only some are true fats, the majority being hydrocarbons.
The most commonly used base is Parafinum molle5 although it is better known by its trade name: Vaseline. Other synonyms are white petrolatum, soft paraffin, petrolein, paraffin ointment or albolene. Vaseline is a mixture of solid and liquid petroleum-derived hydrocarbons, which are loaded with impurities, which give it a dark yellowish color (yellow petroleum jelly) and make it suitable for industrial use only. The subsequent bleaching and impurity absorption give it its final appearance. Vaseline is a whitish mass, translucent in thin layers, fatty in appearance, unctuous to the touch, tasteless and odorless or with a slight characteristic odor. It must be protected from light, although it is unalterable in the air. These properties are those that give great advantage to animal or vegetable fats as the basis of multiple masterful and specific formulas.
Another widely used substance is Paraffinum liquidum, also known as liquid paraffin, liquid petrolatum, paraffin oil, petroleum jelly or liquid petrolatum, and as petrolatum in the British Pharmacopoeia, where we can find it as part of the paraffin ointment. It is an oleaginous, colorless, neutral, odorless and tasteless liquid.
Another widely used fat is Adeps lanae or lanolin, dense, soft, sticky and yellowish dough that is obtained from wool. As such it is used in ointments under the name of anhydrous lanolin, since although it is insoluble in water it is miscible by crushing, obtaining hydrated lanolin. The latter is really a cream, so it will have the properties of it.
The oils are too fluid to be used in isolation, but they are usually added to other substances to improve their base qualities or to hide the drying characteristics of some medications. A classic example is Hebra's diaquilon ointment, in which olive oil, zinc oxide and diaquilon are associated. In addition to olive oil, the most commonly used are sesame, rapeseed, peanut, almonds, flax, cedar or castor oil (Castor oil from the British Pharmacopoeia and very often mistranslated as Castor oil).
A special form of ointments is obtained by hardening these with substances of great consistency (for example beeswax), obtaining the pencils, of great predicament in the cosmetic industry such as lipsticks.
Propylene glycols are synthetic substances that overcome the disadvantages of classic ointments, such as lanolin and also have the advantage of not requiring the addition of preservatives in their formulation. They have an external phase similar to a cream, but ointment properties.
The active substances that can be added to the ointments are incalculable since they accept not only the fat-soluble ones, but they can also incorporate non-fat-soluble substances by conversion into powders or even by colloidal dispersion.
a- 73
b- 80***
c- 83
d- 88
e- 100.
-----------------------
Ointments or ointments are pharmaceutical forms consequence of the use of fats or substances of similar properties for application of active ingredients in the skin. Its fundamental difference with creams is the absence of water in its composition.
Composition:
Ointments or ointments, consist of fats or substances of similar characteristics that have a semi-solid appearance at 25 ° C. It is this physical property that really defines them since the chemical composition is enormously varied. Only some are true fats, the majority being hydrocarbons.
The most commonly used base is Parafinum molle5 although it is better known by its trade name: Vaseline. Other synonyms are white petrolatum, soft paraffin, petrolein, paraffin ointment or albolene. Vaseline is a mixture of solid and liquid petroleum-derived hydrocarbons, which are loaded with impurities, which give it a dark yellowish color (yellow petroleum jelly) and make it suitable for industrial use only. The subsequent bleaching and impurity absorption give it its final appearance. Vaseline is a whitish mass, translucent in thin layers, fatty in appearance, unctuous to the touch, tasteless and odorless or with a slight characteristic odor. It must be protected from light, although it is unalterable in the air. These properties are those that give great advantage to animal or vegetable fats as the basis of multiple masterful and specific formulas.
Another widely used substance is Paraffinum liquidum, also known as liquid paraffin, liquid petrolatum, paraffin oil, petroleum jelly or liquid petrolatum, and as petrolatum in the British Pharmacopoeia, where we can find it as part of the paraffin ointment. It is an oleaginous, colorless, neutral, odorless and tasteless liquid.
Another widely used fat is Adeps lanae or lanolin, dense, soft, sticky and yellowish dough that is obtained from wool. As such it is used in ointments under the name of anhydrous lanolin, since although it is insoluble in water it is miscible by crushing, obtaining hydrated lanolin. The latter is really a cream, so it will have the properties of it.
The oils are too fluid to be used in isolation, but they are usually added to other substances to improve their base qualities or to hide the drying characteristics of some medications. A classic example is Hebra's diaquilon ointment, in which olive oil, zinc oxide and diaquilon are associated. In addition to olive oil, the most commonly used are sesame, rapeseed, peanut, almonds, flax, cedar or castor oil (Castor oil from the British Pharmacopoeia and very often mistranslated as Castor oil).
A special form of ointments is obtained by hardening these with substances of great consistency (for example beeswax), obtaining the pencils, of great predicament in the cosmetic industry such as lipsticks.
Propylene glycols are synthetic substances that overcome the disadvantages of classic ointments, such as lanolin and also have the advantage of not requiring the addition of preservatives in their formulation. They have an external phase similar to a cream, but ointment properties.
The active substances that can be added to the ointments are incalculable since they accept not only the fat-soluble ones, but they can also incorporate non-fat-soluble substances by conversion into powders or even by colloidal dispersion.
Types:
According to the nature of the base, the preparation may have hydrophilic or hydrophobic characteristics. It must contain the appropriate excipients that allow quality, stability and durability. In this case, antimicrobial agents, dispersants, antioxidants, stabilizers, emulsifiers and thickeners are used. They are regularly:
- Hydrocarbon bases: hard and soft paraffin.
- Bases of absorption: wool grease, beeswax.
- Water soluble bases: polyethylene glycol 200, 300, 400, 1000, 1500, 4000.
Depending on the type of therapy, the preparation of the ointment will be done according to the specifications of the pharmacopoeia of the country where it will be manufactured taking into account the need for the type of condition to be treated and the place of application, either skin or mucosa. Ointments will be formulated using hydrophobic, hydrophilic or emulsifying bases in water to obtain preparations that will be immiscible, miscible or emulsifiable with cutaneous or mucous secretions. Thus, we will obtain:
- Hydrophobic ointments: they regularly have little water and absorb little of it. They are manufactured using paraffin, vegetable oil, wax as a thickener and animal fat among other elements.
- Hydrophilic ointments: they have the property of being miscible with water. They consist of mixtures of polyethylene glycol of different molecular weight (usually a liquid and a solid). .
- Emulsifying ointments in water: this form gives it the characteristic of absorbing a greater amount of water since they consist of a hydrophobic fat base to which a water / oil emulsion agent is added.
The formulation of ophthalmic ointments is different from those that are applied to the skin.
Indications:
The classic fats, of the petroleum jelly type, have the disadvantage of being comedogenic, and can also cause irritation, folliculitis, pigmentation and keratosis Lanolin and its derivatives are increasingly giving sensitization reactions (contact eczema).
In general, ointments without added active ingredients can be used to remove scabs, flaking and to improve dry and cracked skin as emollients. Depending on the nature of the active ingredients added they will have one or the other indications, but always taking into account the use in chronic eczema or dry lesions. Acute eczema, especially very humid, is a contraindication for the use of ointments. Also, because of its unpleasant cosmetic effect, many ointments are not tolerated on the scalp.
They are the ideal base for dry, hyperkeratotic and deep lesions, such as psoriasis, lichen planus, neurodermitis, fissure hyperkeratosis, discoid lupus, different forms of pityriasis, and so on. Due to the absence of water, they can be used on a large number of occasions without the need to add preservatives, which makes them an indication in very sensitive skin or with a history of unfiltered contact dermatitis. However, they spread more easily on the surface of the skin and are cosmetically more pleasant if they contain a certain amount of water. What makes us be in continuous balance between the best therapeutically speaking and what the patient is willing to tolerate.
The vast majority of lubricants used in pharmacological therapeutics are ointment emulsions, with a predominant ointment content and a small amount of water. The water or internal phase remains in the form of drops in the ointment, or external phase, constituting the water-in-oil lubricating emulsions.
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