what is the amount of water required to prepare 5% atropine solutin:
a- 78
b- 95***
c- 150
d- 180
solution contain (5 atropine +95 water = 100).
Atropine is a tropanic alkaloid present in various plants of the family Solanaceae, such as belladonna, datura, henbane and mandrake, (solanaceous so-called virous). It is often used as an antidote for some neurotoxic combat gases such as VX gas or sarin gas.
Atropine is a racemic, therefore optically inactive (equimolar mixture of levorotatory and dextrorotatory enantiomers), whereas the levorotatory isomer S - (-) is hyoscyamine.
Atropine is a cholinergic antagonist that acts by binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system.
The story of the discovery6 of atropine is a little complicated. Some sources [ref. desired] tend to show that it was already used by the Greek and Egyptian peoples during Antiquity. But its use was mostly lost until the early nineteenth century. In 1809, the French chemist Vauquelin isolates an impure form from the belladonna. In 1822, Rudolph Brandes, a German pharmacist, named this active molecule "atropine", referring to the larva of Acherontia atropos. But pure atropine seems to have been isolated for the first time by a German pharmacist named A. Mein (1790-1850) from dry roots of belladonna (Atropa belladonna) in 1831. However, he only publishes his results in 1833 at the request of a friend of Geiger. And that same year, P.L. Geiger and his student Hesse isolated atropine from the leaves of Atropa belladonna. The same year Geiger isolates hyoscyamine from the seeds of henbane.
In 1864, Lossen shows that atropine hydrolyzes to tropic acid and tropanol. Finally, in 1897, its chemical structure is determined correctly by Willstätter. The first production of pure atropine in the laboratory will take place in 1901.
Atropine is a racemic mixture of (S) -hyoscyamine, naturally present in plants and endowed with a high pharmacological activity and (R) -hyoscyamine that appears during extraction and has a lower activity. The young organs contain almost pure S - (-) - hyoscyamine, whereas the oldest organs are characterized by the presence of the R - (+) isomer.
According to Eckart Eich 7 (2008), "it is not really correct to ensure that both hyoscyamine and atropine are constituents of the plant. The S - (-) and R - (+) forms are present in the organs in a ratio that is almost never 50:50 (stable atropine). Normally the unstable ratio is something between 100: 0 and 51:49 in favor of hyoscyamine (ie of the S - (-) form), with a higher concentration in the young organs. Thus, the plant has an unbalanced mixture of S - (-) and R - (+) but not atropine.
At the peripheral level, it induces at low doses (0.2-0.3 mg) a bradycardia then at high doses (0.5-0.75 mg and beyond) mainly parasympatholytic effects. Thus, at a therapeutic dose (0.5-0.75 mg and beyond), it causes a cardiac acceleration, a decrease in secretions (sweat and saliva), a relaxation of the smooth muscles and a mydriasis (dilation of the pupil). pronounced (ensured by the sympathetic system). This last property is used in ophthalmology to facilitate the examination of the eye. In local administration in the form of eye drops, atropine has a very long duration of action.
By opposing the effect of acetylcholine on the smooth muscles, atropine relaxes them. It has antispasmodic action.
Atropine is especially used as an antidote against combat gases such as sarin or VX.
a- 78
b- 95***
c- 150
d- 180
solution contain (5 atropine +95 water = 100).
Atropine is a tropanic alkaloid present in various plants of the family Solanaceae, such as belladonna, datura, henbane and mandrake, (solanaceous so-called virous). It is often used as an antidote for some neurotoxic combat gases such as VX gas or sarin gas.
Atropine is a racemic, therefore optically inactive (equimolar mixture of levorotatory and dextrorotatory enantiomers), whereas the levorotatory isomer S - (-) is hyoscyamine.
Atropine is a cholinergic antagonist that acts by binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system.
The story of the discovery6 of atropine is a little complicated. Some sources [ref. desired] tend to show that it was already used by the Greek and Egyptian peoples during Antiquity. But its use was mostly lost until the early nineteenth century. In 1809, the French chemist Vauquelin isolates an impure form from the belladonna. In 1822, Rudolph Brandes, a German pharmacist, named this active molecule "atropine", referring to the larva of Acherontia atropos. But pure atropine seems to have been isolated for the first time by a German pharmacist named A. Mein (1790-1850) from dry roots of belladonna (Atropa belladonna) in 1831. However, he only publishes his results in 1833 at the request of a friend of Geiger. And that same year, P.L. Geiger and his student Hesse isolated atropine from the leaves of Atropa belladonna. The same year Geiger isolates hyoscyamine from the seeds of henbane.
In 1864, Lossen shows that atropine hydrolyzes to tropic acid and tropanol. Finally, in 1897, its chemical structure is determined correctly by Willstätter. The first production of pure atropine in the laboratory will take place in 1901.
Atropine is a racemic mixture of (S) -hyoscyamine, naturally present in plants and endowed with a high pharmacological activity and (R) -hyoscyamine that appears during extraction and has a lower activity. The young organs contain almost pure S - (-) - hyoscyamine, whereas the oldest organs are characterized by the presence of the R - (+) isomer.
According to Eckart Eich 7 (2008), "it is not really correct to ensure that both hyoscyamine and atropine are constituents of the plant. The S - (-) and R - (+) forms are present in the organs in a ratio that is almost never 50:50 (stable atropine). Normally the unstable ratio is something between 100: 0 and 51:49 in favor of hyoscyamine (ie of the S - (-) form), with a higher concentration in the young organs. Thus, the plant has an unbalanced mixture of S - (-) and R - (+) but not atropine.
At the peripheral level, it induces at low doses (0.2-0.3 mg) a bradycardia then at high doses (0.5-0.75 mg and beyond) mainly parasympatholytic effects. Thus, at a therapeutic dose (0.5-0.75 mg and beyond), it causes a cardiac acceleration, a decrease in secretions (sweat and saliva), a relaxation of the smooth muscles and a mydriasis (dilation of the pupil). pronounced (ensured by the sympathetic system). This last property is used in ophthalmology to facilitate the examination of the eye. In local administration in the form of eye drops, atropine has a very long duration of action.
By opposing the effect of acetylcholine on the smooth muscles, atropine relaxes them. It has antispasmodic action.
Atropine is especially used as an antidote against combat gases such as sarin or VX.
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pharmac