adsorption are affected by the following except.. reversible

adsorption are affected by the following except:

• A. physical Rx
• B. chemical Rx
• C. irreversible
• D. reversible
• E. B,C

C - irreversible

Adsorption is a process where molecules or atoms adhere to a surface. It can be affected by physical or chemical interactions between the adsorbent and adsorbate. Additionally, adsorption can be reversible or irreversible. Therefore, all options except for "irreversible" can influence adsorption.

• Physical adsorption involves weak intermolecular forces and is reversible.
• Chemical adsorption involves the formation of chemical bonds and can be either reversible or irreversible.
• Reversible adsorption can be reversed by changing conditions like temperature or pressure.

So, the correct answer is C - irreversible.

Understanding Adsorption:

Adsorption is a surface phenomenon where molecules, atoms, or ions adhere to a surface. This process differs from absorption, where substances penetrate the bulk of another substance.

Factors Affecting Adsorption:

Several factors influence the adsorption process:

Physical Factors:

• Surface Area: A larger surface area provides more sites for adsorption. Porous materials like activated carbon excel in this regard.
• Temperature: Generally, adsorption is exothermic. Increasing temperature often reduces adsorption, as it provides more energy for molecules to overcome the attractive forces holding them to the surface.
• Pressure: For gas adsorption, increasing pressure usually enhances adsorption as it increases the concentration of gas molecules at the surface.

Chemical Factors:

• Nature of Adsorbent and Adsorbate: The chemical properties of both substances play a crucial role. For instance, polar adsorbents tend to adsorb polar adsorbates effectively.
• Concentration: The concentration of the adsorbate in the surrounding medium affects the rate of adsorption. Higher concentrations typically lead to increased adsorption.

Irreversibility and Reversibility:

• Reversible Adsorption: The adsorbed molecules can be easily removed by changing conditions like temperature or pressure. Physical adsorption is often reversible.
• Irreversible Adsorption: The adsorbed molecules form strong bonds with the surface, making removal difficult. Chemical adsorption often leads to irreversible adsorption.

Applications of Adsorption:

Adsorption finds applications in various fields:

• Water purification: Removing impurities and contaminants.
• Gas separation: Separating different gases from a mixture.
• Catalysis: Providing a surface for chemical reactions to occur.
• Chromatography: Separating components of a mixture.
• Drug delivery: Controlling the release of drugs.

Additional Considerations:

• Adsorption Isotherms: These are mathematical models that describe the relationship between the amount of adsorbate on the surface and its concentration or pressure at constant temperature.
• Adsorption Kinetics: This branch studies the rate of adsorption and the factors affecting it.
• Desorption: The reverse process of adsorption, where adsorbed molecules leave the surface.